Claims 22
From the paper Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Stimulation Targeting White Matter Inhibits Seizures in a Rat Model of Epilepsy · claims file · checked 2026-10-21: ready
- fig2c-sham-duration-stable
In the sham group, seizure durations from the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres do not differ significantly across time blocks or between hemispheres.
The Seizure Durations collected from both ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres relative to the drug injection site were not significantly different across time or between hemispheres
Results A, paragraph 1; Figure 2CHow it will be judged
A claim of absence. Seizures from M1, durations as in M2, sham rats, blocks baseline, condition, post 1, post 2 and post 3. Two-way ANOVA (hemisphere by block) with Bonferroni post hoc tests at P < 0.05 (Fig. 2 legend). The legend says each data point is one seizure, so the test unit is open; readings (a) one value per seizure, (b) one mean per rat. Reproduced when neither main effect nor any post hoc comparison is significant under the reading(s); not reproduced when one is. Effect sizes are given either way; if the readings differ, blocked as methods_underspecified.
- fig2d-seizures-under-two-minutes
Pooled over blocks, most seizures in the sham group last less than 2 minutes, and the two hemispheres have similar distributions.
The majority of recorded seizures lasted less than 2 minutes, and hemispheric distributions appear relatively similar
Results A, paragraph 1; Figure 2DHow it will be judged
Seizures from M1 in the 6 sham rats, all blocks pooled, per hemisphere. Reproduced when more than half of the seizures last under 120 s in each hemisphere. The similarity of the distributions has no test in the paper; the medians and a two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test are reported as description and do not decide.
- fig2e-sham-count-stable
In the sham group, seizure count does not differ significantly between time blocks or hemispheres, with a slight decrease in the last two hours.
There were no significant differences in Seizure Count between time blocks or hemispheres; however, there was a slight decrease in number of seizures in the last two hours of the experiment
Results A, paragraph 1; Figure 2EHow it will be judged
A claim of absence. Seizure Count per rat, hemisphere and block (M1, M2), sham rats, five blocks; two-way ANOVA (hemisphere by block) with Bonferroni post hoc tests at P < 0.05. Reproduced when no block or hemisphere effect or post hoc comparison is significant. The mean counts of post 2 and post 3 against the earlier blocks are reported for the slight decrease, which does not decide.
- fig2f-sham-percent-time-post3
In the sham group, percent time in seizure in the contralateral hemisphere differs significantly between the sham condition block and post 3, suggesting the model is no longer stable in the fifth hour.
percent time in seizure between sham and post 3 for the contralateral hemisphere was significantly different, which could mean that the seizure model is no longer stable during the fifth hour of the experiment
Results A, paragraph 2; Figure 2FHow it will be judged
Percent Time in Seizure (M2), sham rats, five blocks, two-way ANOVA (hemisphere by block) with Bonferroni post hoc tests (Fig. 2 legend, M3 readings). "sham" in the sentence is read as (a) the condition block of the sham group, or (b) its baseline block. Reproduced when, under one reading, the contralateral comparison with post 3 is significant at P < 0.05. The paper does not give the direction; it is reported and does not decide.
- fig3a-count-reduction
In the tFUS group, seizure count fell from baseline by 9%, 36% and 42% in the ipsilateral S1 and by 10%, 41% and 42% in the contralateral S1 during stimulation, post 1 and post 2, with significant reductions from baseline to post 1 and to post 2 in both hemispheres.
The Seizure Counts in the ipsilateral S1 decreased from baseline by 9%, 36%, and 42% for stimulation, post 1, and post 2, respectively. The decrease in Seizure Count recorded from the contralateral S1 showed slightly higher reduction rates of 10%, 41%, and 42% ... Both hemispheres displayed significant reductions in Seizure Count between baseline and post 1, as well as between baseline and post 2
Results B, paragraph 1; Figure 3AHow it will be judged
Seizure Count (M1, M2) of the 10 tFUS rats; decreases as in M4, under each reading; tests as in M3. Reproduced when, under one reading of M4, all six decreases are within tolerance and, under one reading of M3, baseline against post 1 and baseline against post 2 are significant in both hemispheres. Partially reproduced when the four significant reductions hold but some decreases fall outside tolerance, or the decreases hold and only some of the four comparisons are significant.
- fig3a-count-sham-vs-tfus
Seizure count in the sham group stays steady, and the sham and tFUS groups differ significantly during post 1 and post 2.
Seizure Count within the sham group remained steady throughout, and there were significant differences between the sham and tFUS groups during post 1 and post 2
Results B, paragraph 1; Figure 3AHow it will be judged
Seizure Count (M1, M2), group by block two-way ANOVA per hemisphere (M3). The text does not say in which hemisphere; readings (a) both hemispheres, (b) either. Reproduced when sham against tFUS is significant at post 1 and at post 2 under one reading of M3 and of the hemisphere, and no sham block differs significantly from sham baseline; partially reproduced when only one of post 1 and post 2 is significant.
- fig3b-percent-time-reduction
In the tFUS group, percent time in seizure decreased significantly from baseline by 33% (ipsilateral) and 35% (contralateral) during stimulation and by 55% in post 1 and post 2 in both hemispheres.
The Percent Time in Seizure significantly decreased by 33% in the ipsilateral S1 and by 35% in the contralateral S1 for stimulation, 55% for post 1, and 55% for post 2 in both hemispheres, respectively
Results B, paragraph 2; Figure 3B; Discussion, paragraph 2How it will be judged
Percent Time in Seizure (M1, M2) of the 10 tFUS rats; decreases as in M4, tests as in M3. Which comparisons "significantly" covers is not said; readings (a) each of stimulation, post 1 and post 2 against baseline in both hemispheres, (b) at least one of them per hemisphere. Reproduced when, under one reading of M4, all six decreases are within tolerance and the comparisons are significant under one reading; partially reproduced when the decreases hold and only reading (b) gives significance, or significance holds and some decreases fall outside tolerance.
- fig3b-sham-percent-time-no-change
In the sham group, percent time in seizure decreased slightly but did not differ significantly from baseline in any block.
Although Percent Time in Seizure for the sham condition decreased slightly across the experiment, there were no significant differences from baseline
Results B, paragraph 2; Figure 3BHow it will be judged
A claim of absence. Percent Time in Seizure of the 6 sham rats, group by block two-way ANOVA per hemisphere with Bonferroni post hoc tests (M3). Reproduced when no sham block (condition, post 1, post 2) differs from sham baseline at P < 0.05 in either hemisphere, under the M3 reading(s); not reproduced when one does. Effect sizes given either way.
- fig3b-percent-time-sham-vs-tfus
Percent time in seizure differs significantly between sham and tFUS during post 1 in the contralateral S1, and during stimulation and post 1 in the ipsilateral S1.
Comparing the sham and tFUS groups, there were significant differences during the post 1 session in the contralateral S1 and during the stimulation and post 1 sessions in the ipsilateral S1
Results B, paragraph 2; Figure 3BHow it will be judged
Percent Time in Seizure (M1, M2), group by block two-way ANOVA per hemisphere (M3). Reproduced when, under one reading of M3, sham against tFUS is significant with tFUS lower for all three named comparisons (contralateral post 1; ipsilateral stimulation and post 1); partially reproduced for one or two of them.
- fig3c-interval-increase
Relative to baseline, the inter-seizure interval of the tFUS group increased by 27%, 49% and 28% (ipsilateral) and 30%, 52% and 31% (contralateral) during stimulation, post 1 and post 2; only post 1 in the contralateral S1 differed significantly from baseline.
Relative to baseline, the ipsilateral S1 Inter-Seizure Interval increased by 27%, 49%, and 28% during stimulation, post 1, and post 2 ... The contralateral S1 Inter-Seizure Interval increased by 30%, 52%, and 31% during stimulation, post 1, and post 2, respectively. Only the post 1 session in the contralateral S1 showed significant differences relative to baseline
Results B, paragraph 3; Figure 3CHow it will be judged
Inter-Seizure Interval (M1, M2) of the 8 tFUS rats left after the Methods' exclusion of the two rats with a block without seizures (which two is read from the labels); increases as in M4, tests as in M3. Reproduced when, under one reading of M4, all six increases are within tolerance and, under one reading of M3, contralateral post 1 is significant against baseline and none of the other five comparisons is. Partially reproduced when the increases hold and the pattern of significance differs, or the reverse.
- fig3c-interval-sham-vs-tfus
The inter-seizure interval of the sham group stays steady, and sham and tFUS differ significantly during post 1 in both hemispheres.
The Inter-Seizure Interval of the sham group remained steady across the length of the experiment, and there were significant differences between sham and tFUS during post 1 in both hemispheres
Results B, paragraph 3; Figure 3CHow it will be judged
Inter-Seizure Interval (M1, M2), group by block two-way ANOVA per hemisphere (M3). Reproduced when, under one reading of M3, sham against tFUS at post 1 is significant with tFUS higher in both hemispheres and no sham block differs from sham baseline; partially reproduced when it holds in one hemisphere.
- fig3d-duration-decline
Seizure duration declines across time in both groups, and the only significant reduction is from baseline to post 2 in both hemispheres of the tFUS group.
The Seizure Duration showed a steady decline across time for both the sham group and the tFUS group ... however, the only significant reduction occurred from baseline to post 2 in both hemispheres of the tFUS group
Results B, paragraph 4; Figure 3DHow it will be judged
Seizure Duration (M1, M2), group by block two-way ANOVA per hemisphere (M3). Reproduced when, under one reading of M3, tFUS baseline against post 2 is significant (post 2 shorter) in both hemispheres and no other within-group comparison against baseline is significant, and the group means at post 2 are below baseline in both groups. Partially reproduced when the post 2 reduction is significant in one hemisphere only, or other comparisons are also significant.
- fig4-no-theta-alpha-gamma-power-change
There are no significant changes in theta, alpha or gamma power ratios in either hemisphere.
There were no significant changes in the theta, alpha, or gamma power ratios in either hemisphere
Results C, paragraph 1; Figure 4A, 4B and 4DHow it will be judged
A claim of absence. Band power ratios as in M5 (both readings of the segment and of the total are reported), sham and tFUS, blocks baseline, condition, post 1, post 2; group by block two-way ANOVA per hemisphere and band with Bonferroni post hoc tests (M3, Fig. 4 legend). The Fig. 4 legend marks "significant differences to baseline within a group" apart from differences between groups, and the sentence speaks of changes, so the claim covers the within-group comparisons against baseline. Reproduced when no within-group comparison against baseline (sham or tFUS) is significant for theta, alpha and gamma in either hemisphere; not reproduced when one is. Sham against tFUS comparisons are reported and do not decide. If the M5 readings disagree, blocked as methods_underspecified.
- fig4c-beta-decrease
The beta power ratio of the tFUS group decreased significantly during stimulation and post 1 compared with baseline.
However, the beta ratio significantly decreased during tFUS and post 1 compared to baseline
Results C, paragraph 1; Figure 4C; Discussion, paragraph 3How it will be judged
Beta (12 to 30 Hz) power over total (M5), tFUS group, tests as in M3. The hemisphere is not named; readings (a) both hemispheres, (b) either. Reproduced when, under a combination of the M3, M5 and hemisphere readings, the condition block and post 1 are both significantly lower than baseline; partially reproduced when only one is.
- figs4-sham-power-no-change
In the sham group, band power ratios show no significant change among time blocks or between hemispheres.
Within the sham group, the power ratios showed no significant change among time blocks or between hemispheres
Results C, paragraph 1; Figure S4How it will be judged
A claim of absence. Band power ratios (M5) of the 6 sham rats, five blocks, per band a two-way ANOVA (hemisphere by block, as Fig. S4 plots it) with Bonferroni post hoc tests at P < 0.05. Reproduced when no block or hemisphere effect or post hoc comparison is significant in any band; not reproduced when one is. If the M5 readings disagree, blocked as methods_underspecified.
- fig4ef-ai-increase
The normalized asymmetry index of the tFUS group increases significantly relative to baseline in the theta and alpha bands, and differs significantly from the sham group in every band.
Normalized AI of the tFUS group increased significantly within the theta and alpha bands relative to baseline, and each frequency band displayed a significant difference between the normalized AI of the tFUS group and sham group
Results C, paragraph 1; Figure 4E-HHow it will be judged
AI per rat, band and block (M5), normalized to the group's baseline AI under readings (a) and (b) of M5; group by block two-way ANOVA per band (M3). Which blocks show the effects is not said in the text. Reproduced when, under one combination of readings, at least one tFUS block is significantly above baseline in theta and in alpha, and sham against tFUS is significant at one block or more in each of the four bands. Partially reproduced when either part holds alone. Since an increase means opposite things under the two normalizations when the baseline AI is negative, the sign of the mean baseline AI is reported.
- figs5-seizures-lower-ai
During seizures (baseline block, after 4-AP) the asymmetry index is negative and differs from zero in every band, more than in the pre-4-AP baseline state; seizures disrupt the normal interhemispheric balance.
Our results indicated that seizures decreased AI, reflecting a disruption of normal interhemispheric balance
Discussion, paragraph 4; Figure S5; Results C, paragraph 1How it will be judged
AI (M5, not normalized) per rat and band, for seizure periods of the baseline block and for the pre-4-AP baseline state. The rats are not stated; readings (a) all 16 rats of the epilepsy study, (b) the 10 tFUS rats. The pre-4-AP state is read as (a) the resting baseline recording of target confirmation, (b) the first recording before the first injection, where the dataset holds one. One-sample t-tests against 0 per band (Fig. S5 legend). Reproduced when, under one combination, seizure AI is negative and significantly below 0 in all four bands and seizure AI is significantly lower than the pre-4-AP AI in at least alpha and beta; the test of that comparison is not named, so a paired t-test and a two-way ANOVA (state by band) with Bonferroni post hoc tests are both reported, as readings. Partially reproduced when only the tests against 0 hold.
- fig5b-tfus-evoked-potentials
tFUS of the CC in wild-type rats evokes potentials in the left S1 LFP that differ significantly from the sham (resting) recording at some time points.
How it will be judged
For each of the 23 rats, the intracranial LFP of left S1 around the 200 tFUS trials of the target confirmation recording at the chosen coordinates (supplement), and around pseudo onsets in the resting baseline recording, normalized to the 20 ms before onset (Fig. 5B legend). Which channel or average of the 64 is not stated; readings for the channel (a) the mean over all 64 channels, (b) each channel. The normalization is read as subtracting the mean of the 20 ms before onset (a standard baseline correction; the legend says only "normalized"). The onsets of the sham are not stated; readings (a) every 2 s from the start of the resting recording, matching the inter-burst interval, (b) 200 onsets drawn at random with a fixed seed. The test is that of Methods F, which covers all comparisons "between groups and time points", a two-way ANOVA (group by time point) with Bonferroni-corrected post hoc tests of tFUS against sham at each time point, P < 0.05, under the M3 readings (a) ordinary, (b) repeated measures, the same 23 rats giving both groups. Reproduced when at least one time point after onset is significant under every combination of readings; not reproduced when none is; blocked as methods_underspecified if they disagree.
- fig5cdj-wild-type-gamma-pli-decrease
In wild-type rats, gamma band PLI decreases during and after tFUS relative to the pre-tFUS window in most brain regions, on average in both S1 and non-S1 regions, while it increases slightly in the sham.
the PLI of the gamma band decreased during and after tFUS in most brain regions ... whereas the gamma PLI increased slightly in the sham group ... On average, the gamma PLI of the tFUS group decreased in both the S1 and non-S1 regions relative to the pre-tFUS window
Results D, paragraph 1; Figure 5C-F and 5JHow it will be judged
The 23 rats; EEG epochs around the 200 tFUS trials of the target confirmation recording at the chosen coordinates and around the sham onsets of fig5b-tfus-evoked-potentials (readings (a), (b) there). Gamma (30 to 80 Hz) PLI per channel pair (M6) in the windows -20 to 0, 0 to 20 and 20 to 200 ms; change from pre-tFUS under the M6 readings. Reproduced when, under one combination of readings, the mean change over S1 pairs and over non-S1 pairs is below zero in both the tFUS and post-tFUS windows for the tFUS epochs, more than half of all pairs decrease, and the sham mean change is above zero. The text claims no significance for these changes and the marks of Fig. 5J could not be read (no main PDF), so a two-way ANOVA (group by region) with Bonferroni post hoc tests (Fig. 5 legend) is reported and does not decide.
- fig5ghi-low-band-pli-s1-only
In wild-type rats, theta, alpha and beta PLI decrease only within the S1 regions during tFUS.
The PLI in theta, alpha, and beta bands only decreased within the S1 regions during the tFUS conditions
Results D, paragraph 1; Figure 5G-I; Figure S6How it will be judged
As fig5cdj-wild-type-gamma-pli-decrease, for theta (5 to 8 Hz), alpha (8 to 12 Hz) and beta (12 to 30 Hz). "During the tFUS conditions" is read as (a) the 0 to 20 ms window, (b) both the 0 to 20 and 20 to 200 ms windows. Reproduced when, under one combination of readings, the mean normalized PLI of the S1 pairs of the tFUS epochs is below the pre-tFUS reference in all three bands and the non-S1 mean is not below it in any of them. Partially reproduced when that holds for one or two bands. Significance marks of Fig. 5G-I could not be read (no main PDF); the two-way ANOVA (group by region) with Bonferroni post hoc tests is reported, not deciding.
- fig6-epileptic-pli-s1-decrease
In epileptic rats, the S1 PLI of the tFUS group decreases in theta, alpha, beta and gamma bands during stimulation, post 1 and post 2 relative to baseline seizures, while non-S1 PLI does not decrease; the decrease of S1 connectivity is significant.
The S1 region of the tFUS group showed decreases in PLI within theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands during stimulation, post 1, and post 2 compared to baseline. Comparatively, the non-S1 regions did not exhibit a reduction in PLI values due to stimulation
Results D, paragraph 2; Figure 6A-DHow it will be judged
PLI (M6) over the seizure periods (M1) of each block, per band, for S1 pairs and non-S1 pairs, normalized to the baseline block's seizures within each group (difference or ratio, M6). Reproduced when, under one combination of readings, the tFUS S1 mean is below its baseline in all four bands for the condition block, post 1 and post 2, the tFUS non-S1 mean is not below baseline in most of those 12 band and block cells, and a group by block two-way ANOVA per band and region with Bonferroni post hoc tests finds sham against tFUS significant for S1 in at least one band and block. Partially reproduced when the S1 decreases hold in some bands only, or without a significant group difference.
- figs7-seizure-pli-s1-vs-non-s1
Comparing seizures (baseline block) with the pre-4-AP baseline state, the PLI change of S1 pairs differs significantly from that of non-S1 pairs in every band; the paper says PLI differences between wild-type and seizure rats may reflect distinct baseline network states.
The PLI differences between wild-type and seizure rats may reflect distinct baseline network states
Figure S7B; Results D, paragraph 2How it will be judged
PLI (M6) per band for S1 and non-S1 pairs, in the seizure periods (M1) of the baseline block and in the pre-4-AP baseline state (readings as in figs5-seizures-lower-ai), with the change as a difference or ratio (M6). Fig. S7B plots seizure S1 slightly above zero and seizure non-S1 below zero. Reproduced when, under one combination, a two-way ANOVA (region by band, or region by state) with Bonferroni post hoc tests finds seizure S1 against seizure non-S1 significant at P < 0.05 in all four bands with S1 higher; partially reproduced for one to three bands. The rats are not stated (readings as in figs5-seizures-lower-ai). The difference reading follows the Fig. S7A title, "Normalized Gamma PLI (seizure-baseline)". Fig. S7B also plots Baseline S1 and Baseline non-S1 bars, also near or below zero, whose quantity no text defines; they are not tested.
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