Claims 26
From the paper Excitation and polarization of isolated neurons by high-frequency sine waves for temporal interference stimulation · claims file · checked 2026-10-22: ready
- fig1-pure-sine-excites-all
Unmodulated 250-ms sine waves at 2 kHz and at 20 kHz excited every neuron tested, never as an on-off response.
Pure sine waves at 2 and even 20 kHz excited 100% of neurons. It was never an "on-off" response
Results, Stimulation by 2- and 20-kHz unmodulated sine waves, paragraph 1; Figure 1A to 1CHow it will be judged
Per neuron, excited when at least one session with an unmodulated 2- or 20-kHz sine wave has an AP during the 250-ms stimulus. The Methods give no detection rule beyond "brief emission upticks" in neurons whose APs peak above 5% dF and last about 10 ms (Recording of the optical APs); readings (a) a peak of dF above 5% over F0, (b) a rise of at least 5% dF within 5 ms, which also counts APs riding on a depolarization. Reproduced when, under each reading, at least 90% of neurons tested with each frequency are excited; blocked as methods_underspecified when the readings disagree.
- fig1-onset-delay
Near threshold, isolated APs appear 100 to 200 ms after the sine wave onset, and stronger fields shorten this delay and evoke sustained firing.
at near-threshold electric field strengths, isolated APs emerged with a delay of 100-200 ms after the sine wave onset ... Increasing the field strength reduced this delay and evoked sustained firing
Results, Stimulation by 2- and 20-kHz unmodulated sine waves, paragraph 1; Figure 1A to 1CHow it will be judged
AP detection as in fig1-pure-sine-excites-all, both readings. Per neuron and frequency, the near-threshold session is the session of lowest field with at least one AP. Reproduced when the median first-AP latency of those sessions lies within 90 to 220 ms (the range widened by 10% of each bound) and, per neuron, the first-AP latency falls with field (Spearman correlation below zero in more than half of the neurons with at least three sessions with APs). The paper gives no test for either part; the median, the Spearman sign and the majority are standard choices.
- fig1-max-rate-ceiling
The maximum firing rate increases linearly with field strength until it reaches a ceiling of 60 to 90 Hz.
The maximum firing rate increased linearly until reaching a ceiling of 60-90 Hz
Results, Stimulation by 2- and 20-kHz unmodulated sine waves, paragraph 1; Figure 1 insetHow it will be judged
The maximum firing rate of a session is the inverse of the interval between the peaks of its first two APs (Methods, Recording of the optical APs); AP detection as in fig1-pure-sine-excites-all, both readings. The ceiling of a neuron is its highest maximum firing rate over sessions with unmodulated sine waves. Reproduced when the median ceiling over neurons lies within 54 to 99 Hz (60 to 90 Hz widened by 10% of each bound). The rise below the ceiling is reported as the slope of a linear fit of rate on field over the sessions before the ceiling; the inset shows three neurons only.
- fig1-excitation-block
At the highest field strengths, APs coalesce into low-amplitude oscillations on a continuous depolarization, which can flatten and leave the membrane depolarized for the rest of the sine wave (an excitation block).
At the highest field strengths, multiple APs coalesced into low-amplitude oscillations on top of a continuous depolarization. These oscillations could flatten after several cycles, leaving the membrane depolarized for the rest of the sine wave
Results, Stimulation by 2- and 20-kHz unmodulated sine waves, paragraph 1; Figure 1A to 1CHow it will be judged
The paper gives no measure. Per neuron, the session of highest field with an unmodulated sine wave is compared with the near-threshold session (as in fig1-onset-delay). Reproduced when, in more than half of the neurons, the mean dF over the last 100 ms of the stimulus in the highest-field session exceeds the pre-stimulus F0 by more than 5% dF (the Methods' AP selection level) and exceeds that of the near-threshold session. The windows are a standard choice; the mean over the whole second half of the stimulus is shown as a variant.
- fig2d-20khz-twofold-threshold
All excitation thresholds at 20 kHz were about twice those at 2 kHz, for modulated and unmodulated sine waves and for 1 and 5 APs.
All thresholds at 20 kHz were about 2-fold higher than at 2 kHz ( p < 0.0001, two-tailed unpaired t test)
Results, Excitation thresholds are similar or lower for pure 2- and 20-kHz sine waves than those for modulated sine waves, paragraph 1; Figure 2DHow it will be judged
The threshold of a neuron for a stimulus is the lowest field of a session that evoked at least 1 (or at least 5) APs during the 250-ms stimulus (Figure 2D legend; Methods, 5% to 10% amplitude steps); AP detection as in fig1-pure-sine-excites-all, both readings. For each of the four groups (unmodulated and modulated, 1 and 5 APs) the ratio of mean 20-kHz to mean 2-kHz threshold, and a two-tailed unpaired t test of the two (Methods, Quantification and statistical analysis). The paper gives one p for "all thresholds", so which comparison it is open; readings (a) one test per group, each p < 0.0001, (b) one test pooling the four groups, 20 kHz against 2 kHz. Reproduced when each ratio is within tolerance and the test gives p < 0.0001 under both readings of the test; blocked as methods_underspecified when the readings disagree. The field per session is taken from the dataset's metadata; the paper gives the conversion from volts to V/cm only as the simulated profile of Figure S4C, with no number in the text, so a session without a recorded field is open.
- fig2d-modulated-thresholds-higher
Thresholds for sine waves modulated at 20 Hz were significantly higher than for pure sine waves of the same carrier, for 5 APs at 2 kHz and for 1 and 5 APs at 20 kHz.
thresholds for modulated sine waves, which emulate the TI stimulus at the target, were significantly higher than those for pure sine waves at the same frequency (for 2 kHz, 5 APs ... p = 0.0079; for 20 kHz, 1 and 5 APs, respectively ... p = 0.0142 and p = 0.0037)
Results, Excitation thresholds are similar or lower for pure 2- and 20-kHz sine waves than those for modulated sine waves, paragraph 1; Figure 2DHow it will be judged
Thresholds as in fig2d-20khz-twofold-threshold. For each of the three pairs, a two-tailed unpaired t test of modulated against unmodulated thresholds, as the Results and the Figure 2D legend name it, although the same neurons were often tested with both; the paired test on neurons with both is shown as a variant. Reproduced when all three have the modulated mean higher with p < 0.05 (the Methods' level; the legend marks p < 0.02); partially reproduced when one or two do. The 2-kHz 1-AP pair, for which the paper reports no difference, is reported.
- threshold-2khz-unmodulated
The AP threshold for unmodulated 2-kHz sine waves was 57.7 plus or minus 3.6 V/cm.
the AP threshold of 57.7 ± 3.6 V/cm for unmodulated 2-kHz sine waves ( Figure 2D )
Results, Asymmetric and less-efficient membrane charging by sine waves compared to pulses, paragraph 6; Figure 2DHow it will be judged
The mean over neurons of the 1-AP threshold as in fig2d-20khz-twofold-threshold, under both AP readings; reproduced when both are within tolerance (the SEM the paper gives), blocked as methods_underspecified when the readings disagree.
- fig2-modulated-locks-to-beats
With 20-Hz modulation, firing above threshold is locked to the beats, one AP near the peak of each of the five beats and at most two per beat (ten in all), and modulated sine waves trigger no sustained firing or sustained depolarization.
single APs emerged near the peak of each beat, so the firing rate equaled the modulation rate ... the maximum number of APs evoked by five beats was limited to ten. Unlike pure sine waves, modulated stimuli did not trigger sustained firing or sustained depolarization
Results, Stimulation by 2- and 20-kHz sinusoids modulated at 20 Hz, paragraph 1; Figures 2A and 2BHow it will be judged
AP detection as in fig1-pure-sine-excites-all, both readings. For sessions with modulated sine waves, reproduced when (i) no session has more than 10 APs, (ii) in sessions with 5 APs or more, at least 80% of APs fall within the middle half of a 50-ms beat (12.5 to 37.5 ms from the beat's start, the peak at 25 ms), and (iii) no session meets the excitation block test of fig1-excitation-block. The 80% and the window are a reading of "near the peak", which the paper does not quantify; the AP phase histogram over the beat is reported.
- fig2c-pure-more-aps
In the same neuron at the same field strength, pure sine waves trigger more APs than modulated ones.
At the same field strengths, pure sine waves triggered a larger number of APs
Results, Stimulation by 2- and 20-kHz sinusoids modulated at 20 Hz, paragraph 2; Figure 2CHow it will be judged
AP detection as in fig1-pure-sine-excites-all, both readings. Pairs are a neuron's modulated and unmodulated sessions at the same carrier and the same field. Reproduced when the unmodulated AP count exceeds the modulated count in more pairs than the reverse, with a two-sided paired t test of the counts at p < 0.05 (Methods, Quantification and statistical analysis); the paper reports no test, so the test is its general one.
- fig3b-low-conductivity-halves-threshold
Replacing NaCl with sodium gluconate, lowering conductivity from 16.4 to 8.4 mS/cm, reversibly lowered excitation thresholds about 2-fold at all sine wave frequencies from 2 to 20 kHz.
Switching to the NaGlu-based solution reversibly and reproducibly decreased excitation thresholds ~2-fold across all sine wave frequencies tested
Results, Decreased extracellular conductivity lowers excitation thresholds, paragraph 1; Figures 3A and 3BHow it will be judged
The 1-AP threshold for 250-ms unmodulated sine waves (Figure 3B legend), as in fig2d-20khz-twofold-threshold, per neuron, frequency and solution; 4 to 8 neurons per point. Reproduced when the ratio of mean NaCl to mean NaGlu threshold is within tolerance at every frequency tested; partially reproduced when it is above 1 at every frequency but outside tolerance at some.
- fig3c-sustained-firing-2s
In the low-conductivity solution, a 2-s unmodulated 2-kHz sine wave ramped up over 250 ms evoked sustained firing for the whole stimulus; firing rate rose with field strength until replaced by a firing block with sustained depolarization, which developed before the end of the ramp.
we observed sustained firing for the entire duration of the sine wave ( Figure 3C ). The rate of firing increased with the electric field strength until it was replaced by a firing block and sustained depolarization. The block had already developed before the end of the 250-ms ramp-up period
Results, Decreased extracellular conductivity lowers excitation thresholds, paragraph 3; Figure 3CHow it will be judged
Traces corrected for bleaching by subtracting a trace without APs (Methods); AP detection as in fig1-pure-sine-excites-all, both readings. Reproduced when (i) at an intermediate field, APs occur in the last 250 ms of the 2-s stimulus, (ii) the AP count rises with field up to some field, and (iii) at the highest field there are no APs after 250 ms with dF above F0 by more than 5% (as in fig1-excitation-block) over the rest of the stimulus.
- figs1-di8-anepps-control
With Di-8-ANEPPS instead of FluoVolt, in eight neurons, stimulation near threshold elicited one or a few delayed APs and stronger fields induced sustained firing ending in sustained depolarization, as with FluoVolt.
Stimulation near the threshold elicited one or a few delayed APs. Increasing the electric field strength reduced the delay and induced sustained firing that culminated in sustained depolarization
Results, Sensitivity to unmodulated sine waves was not caused by FluoVolt dye, paragraph 1; Figure S1How it will be judged
Traces inverted, as Di-8-ANEPPS emission falls with depolarization (Methods). AP detection and the tests of fig1-onset-delay and fig1-excitation-block, applied to the eight neurons; the 5% dF level is the FluoVolt one, and the paper notes Di-8-ANEPPS is less sensitive, so the readings add a level of 5 times the pre-stimulus SD of each trace. Reproduced when, under every reading, every neuron is excited, latency falls with field in more than half, and the highest field meets the block test in more than half; blocked as methods_underspecified when the readings disagree.
- figs2-ttx-blocks-depolarization
1 uM tetrodotoxin abolished both the APs and the sustained depolarization caused by intense unmodulated 2-kHz sine waves.
the inhibition of sodium channels with 1 μM tetrodotoxin not only abolished the APs but also fully blocked the sustained depolarization
Results, Tetrodotoxin blocks sustained depolarization, paragraph 1; Figure S2How it will be judged
Per neuron, the session in normal solution and the session about 5 min after TTX at the same field (Figure S2 legend). Reproduced when, in every TTX neuron, APs (detection as in fig1-pure-sine-excites-all) present before are absent after, and the mean dF over the last 100 ms of the stimulus (as in fig1-excitation-block) is above 5% before and below 5% after, while the vehicle neuron keeps its response.
- fig4-orientation-time-constants
Elongated neurons aligned with the field have about twice the charging and discharging time constants of the same cells perpendicular to it, or of randomly shaped cells.
Aligning elongated cells with the electric field doubled the time constants, as compared to either the same cells oriented perpendicular to the field ( p < 0.001, paired t test) or to randomly shaped cells ( p < 0.01, unpaired t test)
Results, Kinetics of membrane charging by pulsed electric fields, paragraph 3; Figures 4A, 4D and 4EHow it will be judged
Per cell, pole and orientation, dF in the most de- and hyperpolarized ROIs averaged over the eight replicates and fitted with dF = dFmax (1 - exp(-t/tau)) during the pulse and dF = dFmax exp(-t/tau) after it (Methods), with and without debris scaling. Groups as in the Figure 4D and 4E legend (parallel n = 3, perpendicular n = 6, random n = 10). The text names a paired t test (p < 0.001) for parallel against perpendicular, while the legend marks p < 0.01 between the orthogonal orientations with an unpaired two-tailed t test, and the group n differ; readings for that test are (a) paired, on the elongated cells imaged in both orientations, (b) unpaired, on the legend's groups. The time constants compared are the charging tau and the discharging tau, at each pole. Reproduced when, for both, the parallel mean is within tolerance of twice the perpendicular mean and of twice the random mean, and the parallel against random test reaches p < 0.01 and the orientation test its stated p (0.001 paired, 0.01 unpaired) in at least one pole, under both readings; blocked as methods_underspecified when the readings disagree.
- fig4-no-pole-difference
The maximum optical TMP and the charging and discharging time constants did not differ between the cathode- and anode-facing poles, indicating no rectification of the field.
Δ F max did not differ at the cathodic and anodic cell poles, indicating the lack of rectification of the applied electric field. Charging and discharging time constants did not differ between the two poles either
Results, Kinetics of membrane charging by pulsed electric fields, paragraph 3; Figures 4D and 4EHow it will be judged
A claim of absence. The paper does not name the test; the Methods use a two-sided Student's t test, paired or unpaired as appropriate, at p < 0.05, and the two poles are in the same cell, so the test is a two-sided paired t test over all 19 experiments of |dFmax|, charging tau and discharging tau, cathodic against anodic. Fits as in fig4-orientation-time-constants. Reproduced when none of the three is significant; the mean differences are given either way.
- fig4-discharging-slower
Discharging time constants were larger than charging ones in the same cell, except in elongated cells aligned with the field.
discharging time constants were always larger than the charging ones in the same cell ( p < 0.001, paired t test), with the exception of elongated cells aligned with the field
Results, Kinetics of membrane charging by pulsed electric fields, paragraph 3; Figures 4D and 4EHow it will be judged
Fits as in fig4-orientation-time-constants. Two-sided paired t test of discharging against charging tau over cells and poles. The pooling is not given; readings (a) all 19 experiments, both poles, (b) the cells other than elongated parallel ones, both poles, (c) as (b), each pole alone (the legend's hash sign marks p < 0.01 per group). Reproduced when, under one reading, discharging tau is larger with p < 0.001, and the parallel group shows no significant difference at p < 0.05.
- fig4-pooled-time-constants
Pooled over all 19 experiments, the charging and discharging time constants were 0.7 and 0.91 us at the cathodic pole and 0.65 and 0.8 us at the anodic pole, so membranes exceed 95% of full charge within 3 us.
The time constants pooled together for all cells averaged 0.7 ± 0.08 (charging) and 0.91 ± 0.08 (discharging) μs for the cathodic cell pole and 0.65 ± 0.05 and 0.8 ± 0.07 μs for the anodic pole, respectively (mean ± SEM, n = 19)
Results, Kinetics of membrane charging by pulsed electric fields, paragraph 3; Figures 4D and 4E (ALL)How it will be judged
Fits as in fig4-orientation-time-constants; for random cells both field orientations are pooled (Figure 4D and 4E legend). Whether ALL averages per cell or per cell and orientation is open (the paper's n = 19 counts experiments); readings (a) the mean over all cell and orientation fits, (b) the mean over cells of each cell's mean over its orientations. Reproduced when, under one reading, all four are within tolerance (the SEMs the paper gives).
- fig5-carrier-antiphasic
During a single beat of a 2-kHz sine wave, the optical TMP in ROIs 1 and 2 oscillates with the carrier in opposite phases, with amplitude proportional to the sine wave amplitude, on top of a gradual whole-cell depolarization.
Optical TMP oscillated in synchrony with the carrier sine wave in the opposite phases ... These oscillations, proportional to the sine wave amplitude, were superimposed on the gradual depolarization of the entire cell
Results, Asymmetric and less-efficient membrane charging by sine waves compared to pulses, paragraph 2; Figures 5C, 5D and 5HHow it will be judged
Cell C7 (O4), both modulation rates (100 and 154 Hz), dF per frame averaged over its sessions, LOESS-subtracted (O2, all readings). Reproduced when, under every reading, (i) the largest peak of the power spectrum of each subtracted trace above 500 Hz is at 2 kHz within one frequency bin, (ii) the Pearson correlation of the ROI 1 and ROI 2 subtracted traces is below zero with p < 0.05 (the Methods' level), and (iii) the regression of fig6c-sine-sensitivity (O3, reading a) has opposite signs in the two ROIs. The paper gives no test; the spectral peak, the Pearson correlation and the sign of the regression are standard choices, with the Methods' p < 0.05. The whole-cell depolarization is tested in fig5-whole-cell-depolarization.
- fig5-whole-cell-depolarization
During the sine wave beat the whole cell gradually depolarizes as the sine wave amplitude grows, then repolarizes.
These high-frequency oscillations superimpose a gradual whole-cell depolarization that develops as the sine wave amplitude increases
Figure 5C and 5D legend; Figures 5C and 5DHow it will be judged
Cell C7 (O4), each modulation rate and ROI. The whole-cell response is the LOESS fit of the raw dF (Figure 5 legend; O2, all readings), fitted per session. The paper gives no test; its general test is the two-sided t test at p < 0.05 (Methods). The measure is open; readings (a) the mean of the LOESS fit over the beat, (b) the LOESS fit at the beat's peak (half the beat), each tested against zero over sessions with a one-sample two-sided t test. Reproduced when, under every reading, both ROIs are depolarized (positive, FluoVolt emission rising with depolarization) with p < 0.05 at both rates; partially reproduced when that holds at one rate. The same measure in the other eight cells is reported.
- fig5-sine-asymmetry-c7
In the cell of Figure 5, the 2-us pulse depolarized ROI 2 about 30% less than it hyperpolarized ROI 1, while the sine wave oscillations in ROI 2 were up to 90% smaller than in ROI 1.
Unexpectedly, in this cell, the oscillations in ROI 2 were up to 90% smaller than those in ROI 1 (compared to just 30% smaller when the same cell was polarized with the 2-μs pulse)
Results, Asymmetric and less-efficient membrane charging by sine waves compared to pulses, paragraphs 1 and 2; Figures 5B to 5DHow it will be judged
Cell C7 (O4). Pulse, readings (p1) the dF averaged 1 to 2 us into the pulse (Figure 6B measure), (p2) the largest |dF| of the 5-point running average during the pulse (Figure 5B legend). Sine wave, at 100 and 154 Hz, the larger of the two reductions, under readings (s1) the ratio of the ROIs' sensitivities as in fig6c-sine-sensitivity (O3 a and b), (s2) per carrier cycle half the peak-to-peak of the subtracted dF, taking the largest reduction over cycles whose ROI 1 amplitude is at least half its maximum ("up to"). Each with all O2 readings. Reproduced when both values are within tolerance under one pulse and one sine reading for every O2 reading.
- figs3-sine-asymmetry-c8
In a second neuron (Figure S3), polarization in ROI 1 was 20% smaller than in ROI 2 with the 2-us pulse and 40% smaller with sine waves, and the antiphasic oscillations did not move to a new area.
With the 2-μs pulse, polarization in ROI 1 was 20% smaller than in ROI 2 ( Figure S3B ); however, with sine waves, it became 40% smaller
Results, Asymmetric and less-efficient membrane charging by sine waves compared to pulses, paragraph 3; Figure S3How it will be judged
Cell C8 (O4), measures and readings as in fig5-sine-asymmetry-c7, except that the sine wave value is not qualified by "up to", so reading (s2) uses the median over cycles whose ROI 2 amplitude is at least half its maximum. Reproduced when both values are within tolerance under one pulse and one sine reading for every O2 reading. The part on migration needs the ROIs of Figure S3E and S3F and is reported, not judged, as their positions are only in the figure.
- fig5fg-no-migration
Over 16 further ROIs around the cell of Figure 5, strong oscillations were found on one side only, and the relatively large oscillations of ROIs 12 to 14 on the other side were not antiphasic to them, so the small ROI 2 oscillations did not come from migration of the polarized area.
strong oscillations were observed on one side only ( Figure 5F ), and the relatively large oscillations in ROIs 12-14 in Figure 5G were not antiphasic to those in Figure 5F
Results, Asymmetric and less-efficient membrane charging by sine waves compared to pulses, paragraph 2; Figures 5E to 5GHow it will be judged
Needs the 16 ROIs of Figure 5E with the paper's numbering (O1); blocked as metadata_insufficient if the dataset lacks them. Cell C7, the 154-Hz beat (Figures 5F and 5G are "same as (D)"), sensitivity per ROI as in fig6c-sine-sensitivity with its sign (O2 and O3 readings). Reproduced when, under every reading, the signed sensitivities of ROIs 12, 13 and 14 have the sign of the Figure 5F ROIs' median, and the largest |sensitivity| among the Figure 5G ROIs is below the largest among the Figure 5F ROIs. Which of the 16 ROIs belong to Figure 5F and which to 5G is shown only in the figure (the text says only that they lie on opposite sides of the cell, with 12 to 14 in 5G); without that split from the dataset the claim is blocked as metadata_insufficient.
- fig6b-pulse-sensitivity
The FluoVolt response to 2-us pulses, averaged 1 to 2 us into the pulse, ranged from 15% to 47% per 1 kV/cm, averaging 28% plus or minus 2.5% over all ROIs in the nine cells.
The electric field sensitivity of FluoVolt ranged between a 15% and 47% change per 1 kV/cm, with an average value of 28% ± 2.5% across all ROIs in all the cells
Results, Asymmetric and less-efficient membrane charging by sine waves compared to pulses, paragraph 4; Figure 6BHow it will be judged
Per cell C1 to C9 and ROI 1 and 2 (O1), |dF| averaged over the 21 frames from 1 to 2 us into the 257 V/cm pulse, divided by 0.257 kV/cm (or the field recorded for the cell), with and without debris scaling. Reproduced when, under both, the mean over the 18 ROIs is within tolerance (the SEM the paper gives) and every ROI lies within 13.5% to 51.7% (15% to 47% widened by 10% of each bound); blocked as methods_underspecified when the two disagree.
- fig6c-sine-sensitivity
The sine-wave-induced TMP oscillations were linearly correlated with the electric field (p below 0.01% for both ROIs in eight of the nine cells), with sensitivities from 1.5% to 28.4% per 1 kV/cm.
The oscillations displayed a robust linear correlation with the electric field ... <0.01% for both ROIs in eight cells. The regression coefficient, which was the FluoVolt sensitivity to sine waves, varied from 1.5% to 28.4%
Results, Asymmetric and less-efficient membrane charging by sine waves compared to pulses, paragraph 5; Figure 6CHow it will be judged
Per cell C1 to C9 and ROI 1 and 2 (O1), the 2-kHz beat modulated at 100 Hz (Figure 6C legend), dF from the sine wave F0, averaged over sessions, LOESS-subtracted (O2), regressed on the field (O3, readings a and b, with and without debris scaling); sensitivity is |slope| in % per kV/cm. Reproduced when, under every O2 and O3 reading, both ROIs have p < 0.0001 in at least eight cells and every sensitivity lies within 1.35% to 31.2% (1.5% to 28.4% widened by 10% of each bound); blocked as methods_underspecified when the readings disagree.
- fig6d-sine-less-than-pulse
Every ROI's sensitivity to sine waves was smaller than to the pulse; averaged over all ROIs it was 11.8% plus or minus 1.7% per 1 kV/cm, 42% of the pulse value.
All numbers were invariably smaller than those measured for the same ROIs with the pulse ( Figure 6D ). The electric field sensitivity averaged across all ROIs in all the cells was 11.8% ± 1.7% per 1 kV/cm, just 42% of the value for the 2-μs pulses
Results, Asymmetric and less-efficient membrane charging by sine waves compared to pulses, paragraph 5; Figures 6C and 6DHow it will be judged
Sensitivities as in fig6b-pulse-sensitivity and fig6c-sine-sensitivity, with the same scaling in both. The Figure 6D legend's "ratio of values in (D) and (C)" is read as sine (C) over pulse (B). Reproduced when, under every O2 and O3 reading, the sine to pulse ratio is below 1 in all 18 ROIs and both expected values are within tolerance; blocked as methods_underspecified when the readings disagree.
- threshold-depolarization-estimate
Combining the sine wave sensitivity (11.8% per kV/cm) with the 2-kHz AP threshold (57.7 V/cm) gives a 0.68% emission change, about 6.8 mV at FluoVolt's calibration of about 10% per 100 mV, so the threshold depolarization is 5 to 15 mV.
This threshold corresponds to a 0.68% ± 0.11% FluoVolt emission change (11.8 × 57.7/1,000) ... a 0.68% emission change corresponds to a 6.8-mV depolarization at the AP threshold
Results, Asymmetric and less-efficient membrane charging by sine waves compared to pulses, paragraph 6How it will be judged
The product of the mean sine wave sensitivity of fig6d-sine-less-than-pulse and the mean threshold of threshold-2khz-unmodulated, divided by 1,000, and that times 10 mV per 1% (the calibration of reference 47, as the paper uses it). Reproduced when both are within tolerance under one reading of each claim it depends on.
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