Claims 55
From the paper Dendritic excitations govern backpropagation via a spike-rate accelerometer · claims file · checked 2026-10-22: ready
- source-data-index
The dandiset's files are the recordings the paper's Source Data index assigns to figure panels, so that example panels can be found by file name.
The voltage imaging data generated in this study are on the DANDI archive under accession code 001266
Data availability; Source Data file, sheet "Raw data in Dandi_Archive"; dandiset descriptionHow it will be judged
Files are matched by the name in the index's column "File name on DandiArchive" against the dandiset's subject and session names. Reproduced when every file the index names is found; partially reproduced when at least half are; not reproduced otherwise. Where the index's file name and the legend's label differ (Fig. 2 "D1 stim" is listed as file ..._D3; Fig. 3 lists files D1, D2, D4, soma and D4+soma for the legend's D2, soma and Soma + D2), the file for each panel is the one whose trial and event counts match the legend (54 trials each; Fig. 2, 8 dSpikes; Fig. 3 D2, 49 -dSpikes and 35 +dSpikes; soma, 161 and 6; Soma + D2, 116 and 54; Fig. S8a, 80 and 12; Fig. S8c-d D4, 85 and 11). The readings for the legend's D2 are (a) file D2 and (b) file D4 (the combined file is named D4+soma); both are reported.
- fig2a-dspike-dichotomy
In the Fig. 2 neuron, stimulation of proximal oblique dendrites evoked two somatic spikes per trial; in most trials the distal dendrites showed only an attenuated copy, and in 8 of 54 trials a single rapid dSpike, always on the second somatic spike.
Each stimulus evoked two spikes at the soma ... in some cases (8 of 54 trials), the dendrites produced a single rapid spike ... the dendritic excitations always emerged from the second somatic spike, never the first
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 1; Figure 2a, 2cHow it will be judged
In the Fig. 2 recording (index entry "branch_stim (Fig.2)"), bAPs and dSpikes are counted per trial as in the shared method, distal region > 300 µm (legend). Reproduced when the count is within tolerance under both filter readings and no dSpike follows the first somatic spike of a trial.
- fig2b-bimodal-distal-amplitudes
Spike amplitudes have a unimodal distribution at the soma and a bimodal one in the distal dendrite.
A histogram of event amplitudes in the soma and dendrites showed a unimodal distribution at the soma and a clearly bimodal distribution in the distal dendrites
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 1; Figure 2bHow it will be judged
The paper names no test of modality. For the Fig. 2 recording, the amplitude (-dF/F at the bAP's peak) of every bAP at the soma and in the distal region (> 300 µm). Readings, from the figure (a histogram with a threshold between two groups) and two standard tests, (a) Hartigan's dip test, p < 0.05 for the distal amplitudes and p >= 0.05 for the soma; (b) a two-component Gaussian mixture preferred over one component by BIC in the distal amplitudes and not at the soma. Reproduced when both readings agree that the distal distribution is bimodal and the somatic one is not; when they differ, methods_underspecified.
- fig2e-f-dspike-maps
bAPs without a dSpike are confined to the soma and proximal dendrites, while bAPs with a dSpike are amplified in the distal dendrites.
In the -dSpike trials the bAP was primarily confined to the soma and proximal apical and basal dendrites ... In the +dSpike trials, the depolarization was amplified in the distal dendrites
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 2; Figure 2e, 2fHow it will be judged
For the Fig. 2 recording, spike-triggered averages of -dF normalized by dF_ref (the fluorescence change during the passive return to baseline, Methods; Fig. 1d legend, mean from 10 to 20 ms after the spike) along the apical trunk in 10-pixel segments (Methods, Kymographs). Reproduced when the -dSpike average at > 300 µm is below half its value at the soma and the +dSpike average at > 300 µm is at least its value at the soma. The paper gives no number; half and equal are the readings of "confined" and "amplified" used here, and the ratios are reported.
- fig2h-length-constant
The peak amplitude of bAPs without a dSpike decays exponentially along the apical trunk with a length constant of 255 ± 10 µm (mean ± s.e.m., 93 spikes).
Plots of the peak spike amplitude along the apical trunk showed exponential decay of the -dSpike events (length constant 255 ± 10 μm, mean ± s.e.m., n = 93 spikes)
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 2; Figure 2hHow it will be judged
Tolerance is the paper's s.e.m. The amplitude (-dF/F_ref) of each -dSpike bAP in 10-pixel segments along the trunk is fitted with an exponential in distance from the soma, one fit per spike, and the length constants are averaged. Open, as the paper does not say, (1) which 93 spikes; readings (a) the -dSpike bAPs of the Fig. 2 recording, (b) the -dSpike bAPs of all Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 recordings of that neuron; (2) the fit; readings (a) A exp(-x/lambda), (b) A exp(-x/lambda) + c. Reproduced when the mean is within tolerance under one reading of (1) for both readings of (2), and each reading is shown.
- fig3-subthreshold-no-dendritic-initiation
Subthreshold depolarization follows the stimulus location and decays smoothly outside it; dSpikes never initiated in the dendrites.
We only observed diffusive-like propagation of the subthreshold voltages, never dSpikes that initiated in the dendrites.
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 3; Figure 3d-f, S10, S11How it will be judged
In the branch, soma and soma plus dendrite recordings, every dSpike is checked for a somatic spike whose peak precedes the distal peak (shared method, item 3). Reproduced when no dSpike lacks a preceding somatic spike.
- fig3-two-motifs-location-independent
Neurons produced only two kinds of excitation, perisomatic bAPs and distal dSpikes, and neither spatial profile depended on which dendrite was stimulated.
the neurons produced precisely two kinds of excitations ... neither spatial profile depended on the location of the driving stimulus
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 4; Figures S9 to S11How it will be judged
The paper names no measure. For the neuron of Figs. 2, 3 and S8 (index entries branch_stim), the -dSpike and the +dSpike spike-triggered amplitude profiles along the trunk (-dF/F_ref, 10-pixel segments) for each stimulus location. Reproduced when, for each class, every pair of locations' profiles has Pearson r >= 0.9 and the +dSpike profiles all exceed the -dSpike profiles beyond 300 µm. The threshold 0.9 is a reading of "precisely two kinds", not the paper's; the correlations are reported.
- fig3h-dspike-peak-distance
The amplitude of dSpikes relative to the first bAP peaks in the distal trunk, 313 ± 41 µm from the soma (mean ± s.d., 22 stimulated regions, 17 neurons).
was maximum in the distal dendritic trunk (313 ± 41 µm from the soma, mean ± s.d., n = 22 stimulated regions (soma or proximal branch), 17 neurons, 15 animals
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 4; Figure 3g, 3hHow it will be judged
Tolerance is the paper's s.d. For each recording with soma or proximal (< 200 µm) stimulation, dF_1 is the amplitude of the first bAP after stimulus onset and dF_max the amplitude of a later dSpike (Fig. 3h legend) in each trunk segment; the distance of the segment with the largest ratio is taken, and the mean over stimulated regions is compared. Open, the paper does not say whether ratios are of trial averages or averaged over trials; readings (a) ratio of the averages, (b) average of single-trial ratios. Reproduced when the mean is within tolerance under both.
- fig3g-later-bap-ratio
Later bAPs that carry a dSpike have a larger amplitude ratio to the first bAP than later bAPs without one.
g Amplitude ratio of later bAPs to the first bAP (∆F max /∆F 1 ). Data sorted by the presence ( + dSpike) vs. absence (-dSpike) of dSpike.
Figure 3gHow it will be judged
Per stimulated region (soma or proximal < 200 µm, 22 regions), the mean ratio at the distal region for later bAPs with and without dSpikes. The paper reports no test; the Methods' paired two-tailed t-test across regions is applied. Reproduced when the +dSpike ratio is higher with p < 0.05.
- figs12-bap-velocity
bAPs propagate along the apical trunk at 141 ± 30 µm/ms (mean ± s.d., 17 neurons).
Mean propagation velocity of bAPs along the apical trunk was 141 ± 30 µm/ms (mean ± s.d., n = 17 neurons, 15 animals
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 4; Figure S12How it will be judged
Tolerance is the paper's s.d. Per neuron, with soma stimulation (Fig. S12a), the time of each spike's peak along the trunk; sub-frame timing by SNAPT (Methods, time at 50% of the local maximum from a quadratic spline fit to the spike-triggered average). Open, how velocity is taken from the delays; readings (a) the slope of a line fitted to distance against delay, (b) the mean of segment-wise distance over delay. Reproduced when the mean over neurons is within tolerance under both readings. The Source Data (sheet Supplementary Fig 12) gives the 17 per-neuron values for comparison.
- fig3e-soma-third-bap
In the Fig. 3 neuron, soma stimulation never evoked dSpikes on the first two bAPs and evoked one on the third bAP in 6 of 54 trials.
Stimulation of the soma alone never evoked dSpikes on the first two bAPs, and occasionally evoked a dSpike on the third bAP (6 of 54 trials)
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 5; Figure 3eHow it will be judged
The soma recording of the Fig. 3 neuron (index entry "branch_stim (Fig.3)", file ..._soma). Reproduced when no first or second bAP carries a dSpike and the count is within tolerance.
- fig3d-distal-first-bap
In the Fig. 3 neuron, stimulation of distal dendrite D2 evoked a dSpike on the first bAP in 35 of 54 trials (65%).
Stimulation of distal dendrite D2 alone evoked dSpikes on the first bAP, with 65% probability (35 of 54 trials
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 5; Figure 3dHow it will be judged
The recording for the legend's D2 is identified as in source-data-index (readings, file D2 or file D4). Reproduced when the count is within tolerance under the reading whose total counts match the legend; when neither matches, both are shown and the claim is methods_underspecified.
- fig3f-soma-plus-distal
In the Fig. 3 neuron, simultaneous soma and D2 stimulation gave two quick bAPs without dSpikes and then a third bAP that evoked a dSpike in all 54 trials.
Simultaneous stimulation at soma and D2 produced two quick bAPs which failed to evoke dSpikes, and then the third bAP (12 – 17 ms after stimulus onset) triggered a dSpike with 100% probability (54 of 54 trials
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 5; Figure 3fHow it will be judged
The combined recording (file ..._D4+soma). Reproduced when the count is within tolerance and at most 10% of first and second bAPs carry a dSpike.
- fig3i-distance-dependence
The probability that the first bAP evokes a dSpike rises sigmoidally with the distance of the stimulus from the soma, reaching a plateau of about 80% beyond 300 µm, and is near zero for stimuli within 200 µm.
Proximal stimuli ( < 200 μm from the soma) almost never evoked dSpikes on the first bAP ... the probability of evoking a dSpike with the first bAP followed a sigmoidal distance dependence, with a plateau of ~80% success rate for stimuli > 300 µm from the soma
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 5; Figure 3iHow it will be judged
For each of the 35 dendrite stimulations, the fraction of trials whose first bAP carries a dSpike, against the distance of the stimulus from the soma (Fig. 3i legend). Open, the paper does not say how the distance of a stimulus region is taken or what the plateau is; readings for distance, (a) the centroid of the stimulus polygon's eYFP fluorescence, (b) the point of the polygon nearest the soma; readings for the plateau, (a) the upper asymptote of a logistic fit, (b) the mean probability of stimuli beyond 300 µm. Reproduced when every reading gives a plateau within tolerance and the mean probability for stimuli within 200 µm is below 10% (a reading of "almost never", not the paper's number).
- fig3-predepolarization-rule
dSpikes arise if and only if the distal dendrites have been depolarized for at least 15 ms before the bAP arrives.
dSpikes arose if and only if the distal dendrites had been depolarized for at least 15 ms prior to arrival of a bAP.
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 6How it will be judged
The paper states the rule from its examples and gives no test. For every bAP in the branch, soma and soma plus dendrite recordings, the time the distal region (> 300 µm) has been depolarized before the bAP, from the first frame after stimulus onset at which the stimulus-triggered average distal -dF exceeds 2 s.d. of its pre-stimulus baseline (a standard onset choice). Reproduced when at least 90% of dSpikes follow >= 15 ms of distal depolarization and at least 90% of bAPs that follow < 15 ms fail; the full table is reported.
- figs13-ramp-first-spike
Under a gradual optogenetic ramp to the soma or proximal dendrites, the first somatic spike almost always evokes a dSpike (92%).
For this stimulus waveform, the first somatic spike almost always evoked a dSpike (92%, 188 ramps, 56 cells, 44 animals
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 7; Figure S13How it will be judged
The ramp recordings (3 s linear ramps, soma or proximal < 150 µm). The text says 188 ramps and the Fig. S13d legend "92% out of 225 bAPs". Readings, (a) the fraction of ramps whose first bAP carries a dSpike, (b) the fraction of all first bAPs counted over recordings including repeats. Reproduced when one reading is within tolerance; both are shown.
- fig4a-step-example
In the Fig. 4a neuron, a step stimulus to a proximal apical dendrite evoked a bAP without a dSpike, then two bAPs with dSpikes, then a series of bAPs without dSpikes.
a step stimulus to a proximal apical dendrite evoked a bAP without a dSpike, then two bAPs with dSpikes, then a series of bAPs without dSpikes
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 1; Figure 4aHow it will be judged
The recording of index entry "branch_adaptation (Fig.4a)". Reproduced when the sequence of failures and dSpikes in at least one trial is failure, dSpike, dSpike, then only failures, and the most common sequence over trials is reported.
- fig4b-dspike-window
Under step stimulation dSpikes fail for the first 18 ± 7 ms, succeed until 83 ± 47 ms after onset, and then fail (mean ± s.d., 43 stimulated branches, 16 cells).
dSpikes failed for the first 18 ± 7 ms (mean ± s.d.), then there was a period where dSpikes succeeded which lasted until 83 ± 47 ms after stimulus onset, followed by subsequent dSpike failures
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 1; Figure 4bHow it will be judged
Tolerances are the paper's s.d. The step recordings (> 200 ms, soma or proximal dendrites). Open, the paper does not say how the two times are taken per branch; readings, (a) per stimulated branch, the time of the first and of the last dSpike in each trial, averaged over trials, then mean over branches; (b) per branch, the first and last time at which the trial-pooled dSpike fraction per 10 ms bin is above zero. Reproduced when both means are within tolerance under both readings.
- fig4b-few-late-dspikes
Sustained somatic spiking produced very few dSpikes later than 100 ms after stimulus onset, whatever the stimulus strength or location.
Sustained spiking at the soma led to very few dSpikes later than 100 ms after stimulus onset, regardless of stimulus strength or location.
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 1; Figure 4bHow it will be judged
In the step recordings, the percent of bAPs carrying a dSpike before and after 100 ms from onset (Fig. 4b bottom). Reproduced when the later percent is below one fifth of the earlier and below 10% (a reading of "very few"); both percents are reported.
- fig4ce-period-doubling
Wide-field optogenetic stimulation evoked a period-doubling bifurcation, bAPs alternately succeeding and failing to evoke dSpikes, with all bAPs after about 180 ms failing (9 cells).
this stimulus reliably evoked a period-doubling bifurcation ... ( n = 9 cells from 9 animals, Fig. 4c, d ). The dSpike window persisted to ~180 ms after stimulus onset, but, despite the stronger stimulus, all bAPs after ~180 ms failed to evoke dSpikes
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 3; Figure 4c-eHow it will be judged
In the wide-field recordings, bAP frequency from inter-peak intervals and amplitude normalized to the mean of the final 5 bAPs of the epoch (Methods, Period doubling; Fig. 4e). Alternation holds in a cell when successive normalized amplitudes alternate above and below 1 for at least 4 consecutive bAPs (the alternating motif of Fig. 4e right). Reproduced when at least 7 of 9 cells alternate and the time of the last dSpike, averaged over cells, is within tolerance. The paper gives neither number; 4 consecutive bAPs and 7 of 9 cells are readings of "alternately" and "reliably", not the paper's, and the counts are reported.
- fig4d-example-alternation
In the Fig. 4c-d neuron, the first 12 bAPs under wide-field stimulation showed two bAP failures followed by alternating dSpikes and failures.
Amplitude maps of the first 12 bAPs showing two bAP failures, followed by alternating dSpikes and bAP failures.
Figure 4dHow it will be judged
The recording of index entry "branch_bifurcation (Fig.4c,d)". Reproduced when the first 12 bAPs read failure, failure, then alternate dSpike and failure, in at least one trial.
- figs15-stochastic
Even stronger wide-field stimuli evoked an epoch of seemingly random interplay of bAPs and dSpikes, varying from trial to trial while somatic spiking stayed regular, followed by sustained dSpike failures.
Even stronger stimuli evoked an epoch of seemingly random interplay of bAPs and dSpikes (Fig. S15 ), followed by sustained dSpike failures.
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 3; Figure S15How it will be judged
The recording of index entry "period_doubling (Fig. S15)". Reproduced when the sequence of dSpikes and failures differs between at least two trials while somatic spike times stay within 2 ms of each other across trials for the same bAP index, and later bAPs fail.
- figs14-low-rate-attenuation
With somatic current pulses at 3 Hz, distal bAP amplitudes attenuate progressively, without dSpikes.
At low frequencies (e.g., 3 Hz), membrane depolarization did not accumulate sufficiently to trigger dSpikes; instead, we observed a progressive attenuation of bAP amplitudes in the distal dendrites
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 2; Figure S14dHow it will be judged
In the patch clamp pulse recordings (2 nA, 2 ms), the distal (> 300 µm) -dF/F of each spike relative to the last spike at 3 Hz (Fig. S14d, 29 recordings). The paper reports no test; the Methods' paired two-tailed t-test is applied to the first against the last spike's distal amplitude across recordings. Reproduced when the first exceeds the last with p < 0.05 and no dSpike is found at 3 Hz.
- figs14-high-rate-window
With somatic current pulses at 80 Hz or more, bAPs first fail, then a series of dSpikes arises, then failures again.
At frequencies ≥ 80 Hz, however, we observed a characteristic motif of bAP failure, then a series of dSpikes, and then failures again
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 2; Figure S14e, fHow it will be judged
Maximum distal amplitude per frequency normalized to each dataset's minimum (Fig. S14e), and the sequence of successes at 80 Hz (Fig. S14f). Reproduced when dSpikes occur at 80 Hz and above and not below, and the 80 Hz sequence in most recordings starts with at least one failure and ends with failures.
- figs16-ba-increases-dspikes
BaCl2 (150 µM) increased the dSpike probability under soma stimulation from 11 ± 2% to 64 ± 10% (mean ± s.e.m., 9 cells).
BaCl 2 : 11 ± 2% before to 64 ± 10% after, mean ± s.e.m., n = 9 cells from 6 animals, p < 0.001, paired t-test
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 4; Figure S16e-gHow it will be judged
Tolerances are the paper's s.e.m. dSpike probability is the percent of bAPs carrying a dSpike (Source Data column "dSpike (%)"), per cell, for 20 or 30 ms soma stimuli at 5 Hz (59 repeats). Reproduced when both means are within tolerance and a two-sided paired t-test gives p < 0.001 for an increase. The Source Data sheet gives per-cell values.
- figs16-4ap-increases-dspikes
4-AP (5 mM) increased the dSpike probability from 19 ± 4% to 92 ± 4% (mean ± s.e.m., 4 cells).
4-AP: 19 ± 4% before to 92 ± 4% after, mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 cells from 3 animals, p < 0.001, paired t-test
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 4; Figure S16b-dHow it will be judged
As figs16-ba-increases-dspikes. The text gives p < 0.001 and the legend p = 0.001; reproduced when both means are within tolerance and a two-sided paired t-test gives p <= 0.001 for an increase. Note that the example recording of the index ("after_4AP (Fig.S16c)") is named TTX20nM+4AP5mM.
- figs17-ttx-decreases-dspikes
Low TTX (20 nM) did not affect somatic spiking but decreased the dSpike probability from 44 ± 15% to 11 ± 8% (mean ± s.e.m., 4 cells).
This low TTX dose did not affect spiking at the soma, but the mean dSpike probability was significantly decreased (control: 44 ± 15%, TTX: 11 ± 8%, mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 cells from 3 animals, p = 0.008, paired t-test
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 4; Figure S17a-dHow it will be judged
Tolerances are the paper's s.e.m. dSpike probability as figs16-ba-increases-dspikes, for stimuli over about 100 µm across the soma and proximal dendrites (20 ms, 5 Hz, 59 to 118 repeats). Reproduced when both means are within tolerance and a two-sided paired t-test gives p < 0.05 for a decrease; the number of somatic spikes per stimulus before and after is reported.
- figs17e-ttx-high-dose
At 100 nM, TTX eliminated distal dSpikes while somatic spiking continued.
In some experiments, a higher concentration of TTX (100 nM) eliminated all dSpikes at distal dendrites, while preserving somatic spiking
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 4; Figure S17eHow it will be judged
The example of index entries "after_TTX (100nM; Fig.S17e)" and its baseline. Reproduced when the 100 nM recording has somatic spikes and no distal dSpike, while the baseline has dSpikes.
- figs18e-ni-no-effect-on-dspikes
The CaV blocker Ni2+ (100 to 500 µM) did not affect dSpikes.
The dSpikes were not affected by addition of the Ca V blocker Ni 2+ (100-500 µM; Fig. S18a–e ), suggesting that they are not mediated by VGCCs.
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 4; Figure S18a-eHow it will be judged
A claim of absence. The legend names no test; the Methods' test for paired treatment data is the two-sided paired t-test at 0.05 (n = 5 cells from 4 animals), on dSpike probability as figs16-ba-increases-dspikes. Which Ni2+ concentration Fig. S18e pools is not said (the example has 100 and 500 µM). The Source Data sheet for Fig. S18e gives the per-cell values the paper tested; the recordings whose dSpike probabilities match them are the ones tested. Where they cannot be matched, the readings are (a) the highest concentration each cell received, (b) 100 µM, (c) 500 µM, all run. Reproduced when the test gives p >= 0.05 on the matched recordings, or under every reading; when the readings disagree, methods_underspecified. The mean change is reported either way.
- figs18-ni-blocks-calcium-spikes
Under strong drive, dSpikes occasionally triggered broad (> 20 ms) dendritic spikes; Ni2+ (500 µM) eliminated them while preserving dendritic Na+ spikes, and reduced their frequency significantly (6 cells).
Addition of Ni 2+ (500 μM) eliminated these broad spikes, confirming their dependence on VGCC activation.
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 4; Figure S18f-hHow it will be judged
Putative Ca2+ spikes are distal depolarizations lasting > 20 ms (Fig. S18f legend), counted per ramp (3 s), mean of three trials per cell, pooled from the wide-field and the Ba2+ ramp experiments (Fig. S18h legend). Open, how duration is measured; readings (a) full width at half maximum, (b) time above the dSpike threshold. Reproduced when under both readings the count falls with Ni2+ with p < 0.05 in a two-sided paired t-test and dSpikes remain under Ni2+.
- figs18g-ba-increases-calcium-spikes
Adding Ba2+ (150 µM) increased the incidence of putative dendritic Ca2+ spikes under soma-targeted ramp stimulation.
Addition of K V blocker Ba 2+ (150 µM) to otherwise untreated neurons increased the prevalence of putative Ca 2+ spikes
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 4; Figure S18gHow it will be judged
The example of index entries "baseline (Fig.S18g)", "after_Ba2+ (Fig.S18g)" and "after_Ba2+_NiCl (Fig.S18g)", with Ca2+ spikes as in figs18-ni-blocks-calcium-spikes. Reproduced when the count is higher after Ba2+ than at baseline and lower again after Ni2+.
- fig4f-g-model-accelerometer
In the multi-compartment CA1 model, step stimulation at the soma gives a dSpike motif of failure, success, success, failures, and wide-field stimulation gives alternating successes and failures followed by repeated failures.
a simulated step-wise optogenetic stimulation at the soma led to a dSpike motif of failure, success, success, failures ... Simulated wide-field optogenetic stimulation with the same model parameters evoked a period-doubling bifurcation with alternating dSpike successes and failures, followed by repeated failures
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 5; Figure 4f, 4gHow it will be judged
Supplementary Software 1 run as provided with the Table 1 parameters; a bAP succeeds when the compartment 500 µm from the soma peaks above -40 mV (Methods, Parameter fitting). Reproduced when the soma run gives the motif and the wide-field run alternates and then fails.
- figs20-model-robustness
In the model, the accelerometer motif of bAP failure, dSpikes, then failure persists over a wide range of dendritic NaV density, NaV slow inactivation, A-type KV density and stimulus strength.
the spike-rate accelerometer motif of bAP failure, dSpikes, and then failure persisted over a wide range of parameters
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 6; Figure S20c-eHow it will be judged
The parameter sweeps of Supplementary Software 1 (Model Robustness, parameters_list.py) with the -40 mV at 500 µm rule. Reproduced when the motif occupies a contiguous region in each of the three phase diagrams that includes the Table 1 parameters.
- figs20ab-model-patch-vs-opto
In the model, a 2 nA dendritic current injection evokes dendrite-localized sodium spikes, while optogenetic stimulation of the same dendrite evokes a somatic spike first that then back-propagates, explaining the absence of dendrite-initiated dSpikes in the experiments.
the absence of dendrite-initiated dSpikes in our experiments was likely due to the more gradual, weaker, and spatially distributed nature of optogenetic vs. patch clamp stimuli
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 3; Figure S20a, bHow it will be judged
The "Oblique Patch Clamp and Optogenetic Stimulus" runs of Supplementary Software 1. Reproduced when the current injection peaks first in the stimulated dendrite and the optogenetic stimulus peaks first at the soma.
- figs21-izhikevich
A two-compartment Izhikevich model reproduces the opening and closing of the dSpike window under soma stimulation and period-doubling under combined soma and dendrite stimulation.
which also captured the opening and closing of the dSpike window (i.e. spike-rate accelerometer) and the period-doubling under simultaneous distal and proximal stimulation
Results, Dendritic spike-rate accelerometer, period-doubling, and stochastic back-propagation, paragraph 6; Figure S21How it will be judged
Two_compartment_Izhikevich.m with the Methods' parameters (gs = 0.16, gD = 0 for soma only; gs = 0.3, gD = 0.05 combined; vrs = -55 and initial u_D = -13), and as a variant with the script's own (-65, -18). Reproduced when the soma run gives dendritic failure, spikes, then failure, and the combined run alternates, under the Methods' parameters.
- fig5a-plateau-collision
Combining soma optogenetic stimulation with EFS of distal synaptic inputs evoked a long-lasting (about 120 ms) dendritic plateau potential and a burst of somatic spikes, unlike either stimulus alone.
Remarkably, combining optogenetic and electrical stimuli evoked a long-lasting ( ~ 120 ms) plateau potential in the dendrites and a burst of spikes on top of a strong subthreshold depolarization at the soma
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 2; Figure 5aHow it will be judged
The recording of index entry "Plateau_induction (Fig.5a)". Duration is the time the distal (> 200 µm) -dF stays above half its peak (a standard measure; the paper names none). Reproduced when the combined stimulus gives a duration within tolerance, more somatic spikes than the optogenetic stimulus alone, and neither single stimulus gives a distal event lasting over 60 ms.
- fig5b-supralinear-auc
The distal AUC for combined stimulation was on average 3.1 ± 0.7-fold the sum of the AUCs for optical and EFS stimuli alone (mean ± s.e.m.), and more than twice that sum in 15 of 28 cells.
The average AUC combined was 3.1 ± 0.7-fold greater than AUC optical + AUC electrical (mean ± s.e.m.) and for more than half of the cells studied (15 of 28 cells from 12 animals)
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 3; Figure 5bHow it will be judged
Tolerance of the mean is the paper's s.e.m. AUC as in the shared method (both window readings), at a distal dendrite > 200 µm, with 30 ms soma stimulation and one 0.1 ms EFS pulse. Reproduced when both values are within tolerance under both window readings; when the window readings disagree, methods_underspecified. The Source Data sheet Figure 5 gives per-cell values.
- fig5d-timing-window
Nonlinear amplification was greatest when optical and electrical stimuli overlapped; for EFS before bAPs it fell sigmoidally, by half in 87 ms, and for EFS after bAPs exponentially with a 35 ms time constant.
For ‘EFS before bAPs’, the amplification followed a sigmoidal profile, decaying by half in 87 ms. For ‘EFS after bAPs’, the amplification decayed exponentially with a time constant of 35 ms.
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 3; Figure 5c, 5dHow it will be judged
Per cell (8 cells, 30 ms stimulus), combined AUC against dTime, scaled to [0, 1] (Methods; Fig. 5d legend). Fits to the pooled points, an exponential from -245 to 0 ms and a sigmoid from 0 to +245 ms (legend). The legend's fit ranges place EFS after bAPs at negative dTime; the file names (interval_-100ms and so on) are read the same way. Open, the fits' forms; readings (a) exp(dTime/tau) and 1/(1 + exp((dTime - t_half)/k)), both without offset, (b) the same fitted to the per-time means. Reproduced when both values are within tolerance under both readings and the per-time mean is highest at the dTime nearest 0 (stimuli overlapping, Results paragraph 3); when the readings disagree, methods_underspecified.
- fig5d-single-bap-no-plateau
A single bAP (10 ms soma stimulus) did not evoke a nonlinear dendritic response at any timing relative to EFS (5 cells).
Triggering a single bAP by a 10 ms optogenetic stimulus targeted to the soma did not evoke a nonlinear dendritic response, regardless of timing relative to the EFS
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 4; Figure 5c, 5dHow it will be judged
Per cell and dTime, combined AUC over AUC optical plus AUC electrical, as fig5b-supralinear-auc. The paper's threshold for a nonlinear response is "> 200% nonlinearity" (Results, paragraph 3). Reproduced when no cell's ratio exceeds 2 at any dTime.
- fig5ef-late-efs-no-plateau
During a 3 s optogenetic ramp, EFS early (0.5 s) evoked plateau potentials but EFS late (2.5 s, somatic rate 24 ± 4 Hz) did not (AUC 5.6 ± 3.6 against 1.6 ± 1.0, mean ± s.d.).
The early EFS reliably evoked plateau potentials (AUC 5.6 ± 3.6, mean ± s.d.), whereas the late EFS, which occurred when the average spike rate was 24 ± 4 Hz (mean ± s.d.), did not (AUC 1.6 ± 1.0, mean ± s.d., n = 7 cells from 5 animals, p = 0.01, paired t-test
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 5; Figure 5e, 5fHow it will be judged
Tolerances are the paper's s.d. The AUC unit is not given (the Source Data label is "Area (a.u.)"); the Source Data sheet Figure 5 gives per-cell values, and the AUCs here are compared with them in the same units after the same integration. Open, the sample, 7 cells (text) or 8 (legend); both are run. Reproduced when, under one sample and both window readings, the means are within tolerance and a two-sided paired t-test gives p < 0.05 for early above late; when the window readings disagree, methods_underspecified.
- fig5gh-weak-step-equal
Under a weak 3 s optogenetic step, EFS at 0.5 s and at 2.5 s were equally effective at inducing plateau potentials (AUC 4.5 ± 2.0 and 4.0 ± 2.0, mean ± s.d., p = 0.19).
In this case EFS at 0.5 s and at 2.5 s were equally effective at inducing plateau potentials (0.5 s: AUC 4.5 ± 2.0, mean ± s.d., 2.5 s: AUC 4.0 ± 2.0, mean ± s.d., p = 0.19, n = 7 cells from 5 animals, paired t-test
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 5; Figure 5g, 5hHow it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's two-sided paired t-test at 0.05, on the 7 cells of the text, with the legend's 8 as a variant. Reproduced when p >= 0.05; the mean difference is reported either way.
- fig6-dap5-reduces-plateau
Blocking NMDARs with D-AP5 (50 µM) reduced the plateau area to 42 ± 7% of baseline, against 107 ± 5% for vehicle (mean ± s.e.m.).
Block of NMDARs by D-AP5 (50 µM) reduced the plateau area to 42 ± 7% of baseline ( n = 6 cells from 5 animals, mean ± s.e.m.) compared to vehicle control (107 ± 5% of baseline, n = 11 cells from 8 animals; p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 6; Figure 6a, 6bHow it will be judged
Tolerances are the paper's s.e.m. Per cell, combined-stimulus (30 ms soma, 0.1 ms EFS) AUC after treatment over AUC before (Methods, % baseline), at > 200 µm. A one-way ANOVA over vehicle, D-AP5, TTX and Ni2+ with Bonferroni post hoc tests against vehicle. Reproduced when the means are within tolerance and the D-AP5 comparison has p < 0.001.
- fig6-ni-reduces-plateau
Blocking VGCCs with Ni2+ (100 µM) largely eliminated the plateau potential (18 ± 5% of baseline, mean ± s.e.m.).
Block of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels (VGCCs) by Ni 2+ (100 µM) largely eliminated the plateau potential (AUC 18 ± 5% of baseline, n = 4 cells from 4 animals, mean ± s.e.m.
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 6; Figure 6a, 6bHow it will be judged
As fig6-dap5-reduces-plateau; reproduced when the mean is within tolerance and the Ni2+ comparison has p < 0.001.
- fig6-ttx-reduces-plateau
Blocking dendritic NaV channels with TTX (20 nM) also eliminated plateau potentials (26 ± 8% of baseline, mean ± s.e.m.).
Block of dendritic Na V channels by TTX (20 nM) also eliminated plateau potentials (AUC 26 ± 8% of baseline, n = 4 cells from 3 animals, mean ± s.e.m.
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 8; Figure 6a, 6bHow it will be judged
As fig6-dap5-reduces-plateau; reproduced when the mean is within tolerance and the TTX comparison has p < 0.001.
- figs24-drugs-selective
The drugs' effects on the plateau were much larger than their effects on the AUC for EFS or optogenetic stimulation alone.
The drug effects on the plateau were much larger than their effects on the AUC for EFS or optogenetic stimulation alone
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 8; Figure S24How it will be judged
The Fig. S24 legend does not say which response its p-values compare; the readings are (a) the combined response, (b) each response. Per cell and drug, AUC after over AUC before for optical alone, EFS alone and combined. Reproduced when for every drug the mean fall of the combined AUC exceeds the mean fall of each single-stimulus AUC, and the combined comparison has p < 0.05 in a two-sided paired t-test.
- figs23-dendrite-drives-soma
Subtracting the somatic signal from the dendritic signal reveals a slowly rising and falling dendritic depolarization lasting up to about 300 ms after the optogenetic stimulus, which drives the high-frequency somatic firing.
This procedure revealed the slowly rising and falling dendritic depolarization (presumably dominated by VGCC and NMDAR currents) which persisted for up to ~300 ms after the end of the optogenetic stimulus to the soma
Results, Plateau potentials are evoked by collision of synaptic inputs and dSpikes, paragraph 9; Figure S23How it will be judged
In the combined-stimulus recordings (Fig. S23, 9 neurons), -dF/F at the dendritic region with the largest plateau minus that at the soma. Persistence is the time after the 30 ms stimulus ends until the difference returns within 2 s.d. of its pre-stimulus baseline (a standard choice). Reproduced when the longest persistence over cells is within tolerance and the difference is positive in most cells.
- figs25-temperature
Cooling from 34 to 24 °C increased the dSpike probability (first bAP 0% against 29 ± 16%; any bAP 16 ± 3% against 50 ± 12%, mean ± s.e.m., 6 cells).
We observed a significant increase in dSpike probability at 24 °C (0% vs. 29 ± 16% by the first bAP, p = 0.09; 16 ± 3% vs. 50 ± 12% by any bAP, p = 0.02; mean ± s.e.m., n = 6 cells from 4 animals, paired t-test)
Methods, Slice preparation, paragraph 2; Figure S25f, gHow it will be judged
Tolerances are the paper's s.e.m.; a reported 0% needs a count of 0. Soma stimulation 30 ms at 5 Hz. "By the first bAP" is the percent of trials whose first bAP carries a dSpike. "By any bAP" is open; readings (a) the percent of all bAPs carrying a dSpike, (b) the percent of trials with a dSpike on any bAP. Reproduced when, under one reading, all four values are within tolerance and the any-bAP increase has p < 0.05 in a two-sided paired t-test.
- figs1-no-perturbation
Optopatch-V expression did not change resting potential, rheobase, capacitance, input resistance or spike rates relative to neighboring non-expressing neurons.
No significant difference was found between the groups (p > 0.05, two-sided paired Student’s t-test).
Results, paragraph 2; Figure S1How it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's two-sided paired t-test at 0.05 for each property (16 pairs of an expressing and a neighboring non-expressing cell). Rheobase is the smallest 500 ms step that evokes a spike (Methods). Reproduced when no property gives p < 0.05; the differences are reported.
- figs2-imaging-fidelity
Optical recording at 1 kHz detected every spike up to 90 Hz with no false positives or negatives (7 cells, 2212 spikes), with a single-trial noise-equivalent voltage of 1.2 ± 0.5 mV (2.5 ± 0.8 mV at 2 kHz) and sensitivity of about 12% dF/F per 100 mV.
The single-trial optical noise-equivalent voltage was 1.2 ± 0.5 mV at 1 kHz and 2.5 ± 0.8 mV at 2 kHz (mean ± s.d., n = 7 neurons, 4 animals) ... with zero false-positives or false-negatives up to the maximum observed spike rate of 90 Hz (n = 7 cells, 2212 spikes)
Results, paragraph 2; Figure S2How it will be judged
The paired patch and imaging recordings listed in the index for Fig. S2 (7 cells). The paper does not define the noise-equivalent voltage; readings, (a) the s.d. of the bleach-corrected subthreshold fluorescence divided by the dF/F per mV from the -70 to +20 mV step (Fig. S2d), (b) the s.d. of the difference between the optical trace scaled to mV and the patch trace down-sampled to the frame rate (Fig. S2a), in subthreshold periods. Optical spikes are matched to patch spikes within one frame. Reproduced when all values are within tolerance (tolerances are the paper's s.d. or 10%).
- figs2d-frame-rate-same-sensitivity
Fluorescence changes for a step from -70 to +20 mV were the same at 1 kHz and 2 kHz.
Fluorescence changes upon a voltage step from -70 to +20 mV were the same for 1 kHz vs. 2 kHz camera frame rates (p > 0.05, two-sided paired Student’s t-test)
Figure S2dHow it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's two-sided paired t-test at 0.05, on dF/F at +20 mV per cell at the two frame rates. Reproduced when p >= 0.05.
- figs3-eyfp-dosimetry
Dosimetry by eYFP fluorescence had 7.8-fold lower variance than dosimetry by blue laser power (0.084 against 0.66).
Dosimetry via eYFP fluorescence had 7.8-fold lower variance than did dosimetry via raw blue laser power (0.084 vs. 0.66, n = 18 cells and 6 animals; p = 9.9 x 10-5, F-test)
Figure S3fHow it will be judged
Per cell, slopes of charge against blue intensity and against cumulative eYFP in the linear regime (I < 1 mW/mm2), each normalized to its group mean (legend). Reproduced when both variances are within tolerance and an F-test of equal variances gives p < 0.05.
- figs4-stimulus-localization
Patterned optogenetic stimuli are localized; somatic photocurrent fell to half when stimuli were offset by 11 ± 4 µm and to 20% at 23 ± 7 µm (10 cells), and dendritic responses fell to half at 11 ± 5 µm and to 20% at 34 ± 14 µm (29 branches) (mean ± s.d.).
The induced photocurrent fell to half maximum when stimuli were offset by 11 ± 4 μm and to 20% of maximum at 23 ± 7 μm ... Evoked responses, |∆F|, fell to half maximum for stimuli at 11 ± 5 μm offset and to 20% of maximum at 34 ± 14 μm offset
Results, paragraph 2; Figure S4d, S4hHow it will be judged
Tolerances are the paper's s.d. Per cell or branch, responses normalized to 0 µm offset and the offsets of half and 20% found by linear interpolation (a standard choice). Reproduced when all four means are within tolerance.
- figs5-focal-selectivity
Voltage signals fall to half at 4 µm transverse offset from an in-focus branch and plateau at 11% (IQR 7 to 24%) beyond 20 µm.
The |∆F| signal fell to half maximum at transverse offsets of 4 μm (n = 49 branches, 21 cells, median). At offsets > 20 μm, the fluorescence signal plateaued at 11% (median, IQR: 7 - 24%) of maximum
Results, paragraph 2; Figure S5bHow it will be judged
Rectangular ROIs shifted in 5 µm steps up to 25 µm from the branch centre; -dF during bAPs normalized to 0 µm (legend). Half offset by linear interpolation (a standard choice). Open, the plateau; "offsets > 20 μm" with 5 µm steps up to 25 µm allows (a) the 25 µm point, (b) the mean of the 20 and 25 µm points. Reproduced when both medians are within tolerance. The 5 µm step makes the half offset coarse; the tolerance of 0.4 µm is the protocol's 10%. The plateau's tolerance is the paper's spread, the narrower side of its IQR (11 - 7; the IQR runs to 24%).
- fig1-denoising-variance
The first principal components of the pixel waveforms hold more than 96% of their variance (the first five, Fig. S7b; the first three, Methods).
The first 5 PCA eigenvectors account for > 96% of the pixel-to-pixel waveform variance
Methods, PCA-based filtering; Figure S7bHow it will be judged
For the stimulus-triggered average movie of Fig. S7a (distal stimulus, 11 trials, the Fig. 3a recording), PCA of the pixel waveforms. The paper gives a bound, > 96%, for the first five components (Fig. S7b legend) and for the first three (Methods); readings (a) five, (b) three. Reproduced when under one reading the share is at least 86.4% (the bound less the 10% tolerance); both shares are reported. The Results' > 93% is of the 2D and 3D voltage maps from the whole reconstruction (Figs. S6, S7), which this claim does not test.
- fig3-cheriff-current
From cumulative eYFP fluorescence, dendrite-targeted optogenetic stimulation drives dendritic CheRiff currents of about 130 pA.
Based on the cumulative eYFP fluorescence evoked by our dendrite-targeted optogenetic stimulation, we estimate dendritic CheRiff currents of ~130 pA
Results, Distal dendritic depolarization favors dendritic spikes, paragraph 3How it will be judged
The Peer Review File (response to Reviewer 2, page 5 of the manuscript) gives the method; the Fig. 3a distal stimulus (the legend's D2, file as in source-data-index) "generated ~69 eYFP counts. Using the calibration in Fig. S3e, this corresponds to ~130 pA". The calibration is a fit of charge against cumulative eYFP over the soma recordings of Fig. S3e (0.5 s pulses, Fig. S3b). Open, how charge becomes current; readings (a) charge over the 0.5 s calibration pulse, (b) charge over the 20 ms stimulus (the eYFP image may be cumulative over either). Reproduced when the eYFP count and the current are within tolerance, by the header's rule for method readings; if the calibration recordings or the eYFP image are not in the dataset, the claim cannot be tested.
Pipeline
- Paper
- done (1 of 1)
- Claims
- done
- Claims check
- done (ready)
- Attempt
- todo
- Questions
- none
- Verified
- none