Claims 35
From the paper Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Modulates Feedforward and Feedback Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Pathways by Selectively Activating Excitatory Neurons · claims file · checked 2026-10-22: ready
- subjects
Simultaneous S1 and POm recordings were made in 16 rats, and S1 and auditory cortex recordings in a further 12 rats.
multiunit activities were recorded from the S1 and POm (N = 16) ... To check the auditory confound, another group of rats was used (N = 12)
Materials and Methods, Animal surgery, paragraph 3How it will be judged
Counts of distinct rats with sessions of each recording pair under the paper's conditions (S1-targeted tFUS, sham or CG1 control). The tolerance is zero as these are counts of animals, which the paper gives exactly. Reproduced when both counts match; partially reproduced when the dataset holds a subset of the rats (fewer, none extra), with the counts given.
- fig2-target-artifact
High-pressure tFUS (about 170 kPa) aimed at the electrode site produces an artifact aligned with sonication that vanishes off target or at lower pressure, and extracted waveforms show tail oscillations at the 1,500 Hz PRF.
Once the ultrasound was delivered at the desired target, high “artifact” would appear and align with the stimulation duration (Fig. 2A). To lower the pressure or move off the target could eliminate the “artifact” (Fig. 2B). The extracted spike waveform also showed oscillations at the tail due to the displacement of electrode (Fig. 2C). The frequency of the oscillations was 1,500 Hz which aligned with PRF.
Materials and Methods, Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation, paragraph 4; Figure 2How it will be judged
Needs the target-determination trials (10 to 20 trials at about 170 kPa, 1,500 Hz PRF, Methods) and a lower-pressure recording at the same site. The paper gives no measure of the artifact; it shows traces. Reproduced when the voltage aligned to sonication onset shows a deflection confined to 0 to 67 ms at high pressure and not at lower pressure, and the dominant frequency of the mean waveform tail (after the AHP) is within tolerance of 1,500 Hz. The spectral method is a standard choice (FFT peak), named as one.
- fig4-unit-counts
In the constant-PD sessions at 3,000 Hz there were 312 RSUs and 54 FSUs in S1 and 233 RSUs and 17 FSUs in POm; at 30 Hz there were 148 RSUs and 61 FSUs in S1 and 189 RSUs and 43 FSUs in POm.
There are 312 RSUs and 54 FSUs recorded from S1, 233 RSUs and 17 FSUs recorded from POm for PRF 3,000 Hz. There are 148 RSUs and 61 FSUs recorded from S1 and189 RSUs and 43 FSUs recorded from POm for PRF 30 Hz.
Figure 4 legendHow it will be judged
Units selected and typed as in U, in the 3,000 Hz/200 us and 30 Hz/200 us sessions of the S1 and POm rats, counted once per session. Reproduced when all eight counts are within 10% under a reading of U; partially reproduced when at least six are.
- fig4-timelocked-rsu-3000
During 3,000 Hz PRF (60% DC) sonication of S1, RSUs in S1 (n = 312) and in POm (n = 233) increase their firing above baseline.
RSUs from S1 (n = 312, p = 3.13 × 10−7) and POm (n = 233, p = 0.0003) were both activated during 3,000 Hz PRF sonication.
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 4A, 4BHow it will be judged
Units as in U in the 3,000 Hz/200 us sessions; normalized rate (R) in 0 to 67 ms; test T, one-tailed for an increase, at corrected p < 0.01. Reproduced when both S1 RSUs and POm RSUs are significant with mean normalized rate above 100%; partially reproduced when one is. Run under R1 and R2, T1 and T2, B1 and B2; the outcome is the one they all give.
- fig4-postsonication-3000
After 3,000 Hz PRF sonication, from 134 ms, S1 RSUs, POm RSUs and S1 FSUs (n = 54) show increased firing.
Postsonication activations were presented for S1 RSUs (p = 5 × 10−18), POm RSUs (p = 0.0007), and S1 FSUs (n = 54, p = 4.03 × 10−8) from 134 ms.
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 4A, 4BHow it will be judged
As fig4-timelocked-rsu-3000, in the 67 ms windows of W starting at or after 134 ms (134 to 201, 201 to 268 ms; the paper reports this window range for Fig. 4 and 201 to 268 ms in Fig. 6). Reproduced when each of the three groups is significantly above baseline in at least one of these windows; partially reproduced when one or two are.
- fig4-30hz-responses
At 30 Hz PRF (0.6% DC), S1 RSUs (n = 148) decrease firing at 67 to 134 ms after onset, and POm RSUs (n = 189) show a delayed increase at 134 to 268 ms.
At 30 Hz PRF, the S1 RSUs showed an inhibitory response after sonication (67–134 ms, n = 148, p = 0.0029) and POm RSUs expressed delayed excitatory activities (n = 189, p = 2 × 10−9).
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 4 legendHow it will be judged
Units as in U in the 30 Hz/200 us sessions; R; T at corrected p < 0.01, one-tailed for a decrease in S1 RSUs in 67 to 134 ms, and for an increase in POm RSUs in at least one of the windows 134 to 201 and 201 to 268 ms (Fig. 4 legend, 134–268 ms). Reproduced when both hold, partially when one does, across the readings of R, T and B.
- fig4-no-fsu-change
S1 FSUs show no activity change to 30 Hz PRF, POm FSUs show none to either PRF, and S1 FSUs show no time-locked response at 3,000 Hz.
There was no activity change among S1 FSUs (n = 61) to 30 Hz PRF and POm FSUs to both PRFs (3,000 Hz, n = 17; 30 Hz, n = 43).
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraphs 1 and 3; Figure 4 legendHow it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's test, T at corrected p < 0.01, in each 67 ms window of W from 0 to 268 ms, for S1 FSUs at 30 Hz, POm FSUs at 30 Hz and 3,000 Hz, and S1 FSUs at 3,000 Hz in 0 to 67 ms only. The direction the absence is tested in is not stated; the readings are an increase only (the one-tailed direction of the paper's activations) and either direction (both one-tailed tests). Reproduced when no test finds a change under either reading; not reproduced when a test for an increase finds one; when only a decrease is found the readings differ and the claim is methods_underspecified. The S1 FSU part at 3,000 Hz is read from the Fig. 4 legend, which names time-locked responses in S1 and POm RSUs only, and from paragraph 3 ("only S1 RSUs showed time-locked responses to 3,000 Hz PRF"). The mean normalized rates are reported either way, under each reading of R, T and B.
- fig5-unit-counts
Sham sessions held 31 RSUs and 53 FSUs in S1 and 67 RSUs and 67 FSUs in POm; CG1 control sessions held 12 RSUs and 34 FSUs in S1 and 55 RSUs and 42 FSUs in POm.
There are 31 RSUs and 53 FSUs recorded from S1 and 67 RSUs and 67 FSUs recorded from POm for sham condition. There are 12 RSUs and 34 FSUs recorded from S1 and 55 RSUs and 42 FSUs recorded from POm for control condition.
Figure 5 legendHow it will be judged
As fig4-unit-counts, for the sham and CG1 control sessions. Reproduced when all eight counts are within 10% under a reading of U; partially reproduced when at least six are.
- fig5a-sham-no-response
Without tFUS (sham), S1 and POm RSUs and FSUs show no time-locked or delayed (201 to 268 ms) change in activity.
In sham condition (no tFUS), S1 neurons and POm neurons showed no time-locked (S1 RSUs: n = 31, p = 1.0; S1 FSUs: n = 53, p = 0.55; POm RSUs: n = 67, p = 1.0; POm FSUs: n = 67, p = 1.0) and delayed
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 5AHow it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's test, T at corrected p < 0.01, in 0 to 67 ms and 201 to 268 ms, for the four groups of the sham sessions, aligned to the sham trial times the dataset gives. The direction of the one-tailed tests is not stated; the readings are an increase only (the direction of the responses this control is set against) and either direction. Reproduced when none of the tests is significant under either reading; not reproduced when a test for an increase is; when only a decrease is significant the readings differ and the claim is methods_underspecified. The effect sizes (mean normalized rates) are reported. Run under each reading of R, T and B; the outcome is the one they all give.
- fig5b-cg1-control-no-response
With tFUS aimed at the cingulate cortex (CG1) at 3,000 Hz PRF, S1 and POm neurons show no time-locked or delayed (201 to 268 ms) change in activity.
In control condition (tFUS targeted at CG1), S1 neurons and POm neurons showed no time-locked (S1 RSUs: n = 12, p = 1.0; S1 FSUs: n = 34, p = 1.0; POm RSUs: n = 55, p = 1.0; POm FSUs: n = 42, p = 0.33) and delayed responses (201–268 ms, S1 RSUs: p = 1.0; S1 FSUs: p = 0.10; POm RSUs: p = 0.32, POm FSUs: p = 1.0).
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 5BHow it will be judged
As fig5a-sham-no-response, for the CG1 control sessions.
- fig6-unit-counts
Across the five constant-PD PRF conditions, 1,050 RSUs and 247 FSUs were sorted in S1 and 913 RSUs and 106 FSUs in POm.
The comparison of neuronal responses for sorted 1,050 RSUs (A) and 247 FSUs (B) recorded from S1 ... The comparison of neuronal responses for sorted 913 RSUs (C) and 106 FSUs (D) recorded from POm
Figure 6 legendHow it will be judged
Units as in U in the five 200 us PD sessions (30, 300, 1,500, 3,000, 4,500 Hz), summed over conditions with each unit counted once per session. Reproduced when all four totals are within 10% under a reading of U; partially reproduced when two or three are. The per-condition counts are reported and compared with those the Results give (S1 RSUs 284 at 1,500 Hz, 312 at 3,000 Hz, 152 at 4,500 Hz; POm RSUs 153 at 1,500 Hz; POm FSUs 26 at 4,500 Hz).
- fig6a-s1-rsu-timelocked-high-prf
With constant 200 us PD, S1 RSU time-locked responses depend on PRF and are elicited only by 1,500, 3,000 and 4,500 Hz, with the highest level, 123.34 +/- 4.3%, at 1,500 Hz.
time-locked S1 RSUs’ responses could only be elicited from high PRFs ... 1,500 Hz (n = 284, p = 2.74 × 10−6 compared with baseline), 3,000 Hz (n = 312, p = 3.13 × 10−7), and 4,500 Hz (n = 152, p = 0.0028), among which 1,500 Hz evoked highest response level of 123.34 ± 4.3%.
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 6AHow it will be judged
S1 RSUs (U) of the five 200 us PD sessions; R in 0 to 67 ms; Kruskal-Wallis across the five PRFs at p < 0.01, then T against baseline per PRF, one-tailed for an increase, corrected p < 0.01. The tolerance is the paper's SEM. Reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test is significant, 1,500, 3,000 and 4,500 Hz are significant and 30 and 300 Hz are not, 1,500 Hz has the highest mean, and the 1,500 Hz mean is within tolerance; partially reproduced when the pattern of significance holds but the 1,500 Hz value or rank does not. Run under each reading of R, T and B.
- fig6a-s1-rsu-delayed
S1 RSU postsonication (201 to 268 ms) responses depend on PRF, occur at PRFs above 30 Hz, and are highest at 4,500 Hz (148.39 +/- 5.41%).
The delayed responses (201–268 ms) of RSUs could be observed at PRFs higher than 30 Hz and the highest response occurred at 4,500 Hz (148.39 ± 5.41%).
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 6A legendHow it will be judged
As fig6a-s1-rsu-timelocked-high-prf, in 201 to 268 ms. Reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test is significant, 300, 1,500, 3,000 and 4,500 Hz are significantly above baseline and 30 Hz is not, 4,500 Hz has the highest mean, and its mean is within the paper's SEM; partially reproduced when the significance pattern holds without the value or the rank.
- fig6b-s1-fsu-prf
S1 FSUs show no time-locked response to any PRF, and delayed responses only at the higher PRFs, highest at 4,500 Hz (158.75 +/- 10.75%), with PRF-dependent postsonication activity.
FSUs did not show time-locked responses to any PRFs and only presented delayed responses at PRFs higher than 1,500 Hz, with the highest response level at 4,500 Hz (158.75 ± 10.75%).
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 6BHow it will be judged
S1 FSUs (U) of the five 200 us PD sessions, R, T as in fig6a-s1-rsu-timelocked-high-prf. "Higher than 1,500 Hz" is read as (a) 3,000 and 4,500 Hz significant and 1,500 Hz not, or (b) 1,500 Hz and above significant. Reproduced when no PRF gives a significant increase in 0 to 67 ms, the postsonication Kruskal-Wallis is significant, the postsonication pattern matches a reading, 4,500 Hz has the highest mean and that mean is within the SEM; partially reproduced when the absence of time-locked responses and the postsonication pattern hold without the value.
- fig6c-pom-rsu-prf
POm RSUs respond during sonication to 1,500 Hz (n = 153) and 3,000 Hz (n = 233), and their delayed responses are induced by the higher PRFs and highest at 1,500 Hz (141.68 +/- 2.38%).
time-locked responses (Fig. 6B) from POm RSUs could be elicited by 1,500 Hz (n = 153, p = 0.003) and 3,000 Hz PRFs (n = 233, p = 0.0003). However, the delayed responses (201–268 ms) of POm RSUs were induced by PRFs higher than 1,500 Hz and were highest (141.68 ± 2.38%) at 1,500 Hz.
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 6C legendHow it will be judged
POm RSUs (U) of the five 200 us PD sessions, R, T as in fig6a-s1-rsu-timelocked-high-prf. During sonication, 1,500 and 3,000 Hz significantly above baseline and 30, 300 and 4,500 Hz not. The paper says the delayed responses come at PRFs "higher than 1,500 Hz" yet are highest at 1,500 Hz; the readings are (a) 3,000 and 4,500 Hz significant, (b) 1,500, 3,000 and 4,500 Hz significant. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, the time-locked pattern holds, the postsonication pattern matches a reading, and 1,500 Hz has the highest postsonication mean within the SEM; partially reproduced when the time-locked pattern holds and the postsonication part holds only in part.
- fig6d-pom-fsu-prf
POm FSUs show no time-locked responses relative to baseline at any PRF (though 30 and 1,500 Hz differ), and a delayed response only to 4,500 Hz (n = 26).
The FSUs did not show any time-locked responses and only expressed the delayed responses to 4,500 Hz (n = 26, p = 4.2 × 10−6).
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 6D legendHow it will be judged
POm FSUs (U) of the five 200 us PD sessions, R, T as in fig6a-s1-rsu-timelocked-high-prf. Reproduced when no PRF is significantly above baseline in 0 to 67 ms, only 4,500 Hz is in 201 to 268 ms, and the postsonication Kruskal-Wallis is significant; partially reproduced when the 4,500 Hz response holds and one other part fails. The 30 against 1,500 Hz comparison in 0 to 67 ms is reported, one-tailed in each direction since the paper does not give one.
- fig7-9-unit-counts
The DC series at 3,000 Hz held 645 S1 RSUs, 171 S1 FSUs, 286 POm RSUs and 129 POm FSUs; the DC series at 30 Hz 442 S1 RSUs and 147 S1 FSUs; the 60% DC series 759 S1 RSUs and 151 S1 FSUs.
sorted 645 RSUs recorded from S1 ... sorted 171 FSUs recorded from S1 ... sorted 286 RSUs from POm ... sorted 129 FSUs ... sorted 442 RSUs recorded from S1 with 30 Hz PRF ... sorted 147 FSUs ... The comparison of 759 RSU’s responses ... The comparison of 151 FSU’s responses
Figure 7, 8 and 9 legendsHow it will be judged
As fig6-unit-counts, for the three series of the header. Reproduced when all eight totals are within 10% under a reading of U; partially reproduced when at least five are.
- fig7a-s1-rsu-dc-3000
At 3,000 Hz PRF, S1 RSU responses depend on DC; time-locked responses are elicited at 30% and 60% DC and delayed responses at 6%, 30% and 60%.
with 3,000 Hz PRF, the time-locked responses of S1 RSUs were dependent on DCs which can be elicited with DC of 30% (n = 194, p = 3.38 × 10−6) and 60% (n = 312, p = 5.96 × 10−6). Delayed activities of RSUs were found at 6% (n = 56, p = 0.001), 30% (n = 194, p = 9.64 × 10−32), and 60% (n = 312, p = 1.38 × 10−15).
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 7AHow it will be judged
S1 RSUs (U) of the five 3,000 Hz sessions (PD 2, 20, 100, 200, 300 us); R in 0 to 67 and 201 to 268 ms; Kruskal-Wallis across DCs at p < 0.01 in each window; T against baseline per DC, one-tailed for an increase, corrected p < 0.01. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, exactly 30% and 60% are significant during sonication, and exactly 6%, 30% and 60% postsonication; partially reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis tests hold and the per-DC pattern differs by one DC. Run under each reading of R, T and B.
- fig7b-s1-fsu-dc-3000
At 3,000 Hz PRF, S1 FSUs show delayed responses at 6%, 30% and 60% DC, the same range as S1 RSUs, and 0.6% differs from 30% postsonication.
Delayed responses of FSUs could be elicited by 6% (n = 22, p = 1.29 × 10−8), 30% (n = 49, p = 2.32 × 10−11), and 60% (n = 54, p = 2.38 × 10−8) DCs (Fig. 7B), which were the same range of S1 RSUs.
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 7BHow it will be judged
As fig7a-s1-rsu-dc-3000 for S1 FSUs in 201 to 268 ms. The legend does not give the direction of the 0.6% against 30% difference; both one-tailed directions are read, the claim holding under the one the data's means give. Reproduced when exactly 6%, 30% and 60% are significantly above baseline and 0.6% and 30% differ significantly; partially reproduced when the per-DC pattern differs by one DC.
- fig7c-pom-rsu-dc-3000
At 3,000 Hz PRF, POm RSU time-locked responses do not depend on DC and are highest at 60% (106 +/- 0.77%); their delayed responses depend on DC and are activated at the middle and high DCs.
The POm RSUs’ time-locked responses did not show DC dependence and were highest at 60% (106 ± 0.77%; Fig. 7C). Delayed responses could be activated by DC higher than 6% (6%, n = 22, p = 1.55 × 10−6; n = 7, p = 0.001; 60%, n = 233, p = 1.28 × 10−6; 90%, n = 18, p = 0.006).
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 7C legendHow it will be judged
POm RSUs (U) of the five 3,000 Hz sessions, R, T as in fig7a-s1-rsu-dc-3000. The absence of DC dependence during sonication is judged on the paper's test, Kruskal-Wallis across the five DCs in 0 to 67 ms, at p < 0.01 (the spiking level). "Higher than 6%" with 6% listed is read as (a) 6%, 30%, 60% and 90% significant and 0.6% not, or (b) 30%, 60% and 90% significant; the unlabeled n = 7 entry is taken as 30% by its order. Reproduced when the during-sonication Kruskal-Wallis is not significant, 60% has the highest mean within the paper's SEM, the postsonication Kruskal-Wallis is significant and the postsonication pattern matches a reading; partially reproduced when the two Kruskal-Wallis results hold and the rest holds in part.
- fig7d-pom-fsu-dc-3000
At 3,000 Hz PRF, POm FSUs show no time-locked response against baseline but DC-dependent activity during sonication, with 30% above 0.6% and 6%, and delayed responses at 30%, 60% and 90%.
There was no time-locked responses of POm FSUs compared with baseline while 30% DC showed higher activities compared with 0.6% (p = 0.0001) and 6% DC (p = 0.0003). The delayed activities of POm FSUs occurred at 30% (n = 18, p = 0.003), 60% (n = 17, p = 0.005), and 90% (n = 52, p = 6.8 × 10−5) DCs
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 7D legendHow it will be judged
POm FSUs (U) of the five 3,000 Hz sessions, R, T as in fig7a-s1-rsu-dc-3000. Reproduced when no DC is significantly above baseline in 0 to 67 ms, the during-sonication Kruskal-Wallis is significant, 30% is significantly above 0.6% and 6% (one-tailed), and exactly 30%, 60% and 90% are significant in 201 to 268 ms; partially reproduced when at least three of these four parts hold.
- fig8a-s1-rsu-dc-30
At 30 Hz PRF, S1 RSUs respond during sonication at 6%, 30% and 90% DC and after sonication only at 90% DC, with DC-dependent activity in both windows.
With 30 Hz PRF stimulation (Fig. 8A), the S1 RSUs showed time-locked responses to DC of 6% (n = 81, p = 1.19 × 10−8), 30% (n = 61, p = 0.001), and 90% (n = 66, p = 2.17 × 10−6) and delayed responses to 90% DC (n = 66, p = 1.5 × 10−24).
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 8AHow it will be judged
S1 RSUs (U) of the five 30 Hz sessions (PD 200, 2,000, 10,000, 20,000, 30,000 us), R, T as in fig7a-s1-rsu-dc-3000. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, exactly 6%, 30% and 90% are significantly above baseline in 0 to 67 ms and only 90% in 201 to 268 ms; partially reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis tests hold and the per-DC pattern differs by one DC.
- fig8b-s1-fsu-dc-30
At 30 Hz PRF, 90% DC induces a time-locked increase in S1 FSUs (n = 28), whose activity during sonication depends on DC; after sonication they respond only to 90% DC, while the legend reports no DC difference postsonication.
Moreover, 90% DC with 30 Hz PRF induced positive time-locked response in S1 FSUs (Fig. 8B; n = 28, p = 4.57 × 10−11). Like S1 RSUs, S1 FSUs only showed delayed responses to 90% DC (n = 28, p = 0.007) with 30 Hz PRF.
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 8B legendHow it will be judged
S1 FSUs (U) of the five 30 Hz sessions, R, T as in fig7a-s1-rsu-dc-3000. Reproduced when the during-sonication Kruskal-Wallis is significant, 90% is significantly above baseline in 0 to 67 ms, and in 201 to 268 ms 90% is significantly above baseline and no other DC is; partially reproduced when the time-locked part holds without the delayed part. The postsonication Kruskal-Wallis is reported against the legend's "no difference to DCs postsonication".
- fig9a-s1-rsu-60dc
At constant 60% DC, only 30 Hz PRF differs from the other PRFs in S1 RSU activity during sonication, and postsonication activity is highest at 4,500 Hz; activity depends on PRF in both windows.
only 30 Hz PRF showed different effects to other PRFs (300 Hz, p = 0.008; 1,500 Hz, p = 0.006; 3,000 Hz, p = 0.007; 4,500 Hz, p = 0.0003) on S1 RSUs during sonication, while postsonication activities preferred 4,500 Hz.
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 9A legendHow it will be judged
S1 RSUs (U) of the five 60% DC sessions (30 Hz/20,000 us, 300/2,000, 1,500/400, 3,000/200, 4,500/133 us), R in 0 to 67 and 201 to 268 ms, Kruskal-Wallis at p < 0.01, pairwise one-tailed rank-sum tests between PRFs under B1 (the five PRFs compared with baseline) and B2 (the ten pairs), corrected p < 0.01. The direction of the 30 Hz difference is not stated; both directions are read, the claim holding under the one the data's means give. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, 30 Hz differs from each of the other four PRFs in one direction during sonication and no other pair differs, and 4,500 Hz has the highest postsonication mean; partially reproduced when 30 Hz differs from three of the four or the postsonication rank fails.
- fig9b-s1-fsu-60dc
At constant 60% DC, S1 FSUs respond to 1,500 Hz PRF during sonication (n = 48) and postsonication prefer 4,500 Hz (n = 18), with PRF-dependent activity in both windows.
S1 FSUs responded to 1,500 Hz PRF (n = 48, p = 3.35 ×10−6) during sonication and preferred 4,500 Hz post sonication (n = 18, p = 5.84 × 10−10; Fig. 9B).
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 9B legendHow it will be judged
S1 FSUs (U) of the five 60% DC sessions, R and T as in fig9a-s1-rsu-60dc. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, 1,500 Hz is significantly above baseline during sonication, and 4,500 Hz is significantly above baseline postsonication with the highest mean; partially reproduced when two of these three parts hold.
- fig10a-dsttc-3000-during
During 3,000 Hz PRF, 60% DC sonication, the directional correlation from S1 RSUs to POm RSUs and from POm RSUs to S1 FSUs increases, while S1 RSU to POm FSU and POm RSU to S1 RSU do not change.
When 3,000 Hz PRF was applied, S1 RSUs showed an increased correlation to POm RSUs during sonication (p = 0.01). At the same period, POm RSUs showed enhanced correlation to S1 FSUs (p = 0.02). The other directional correlation did not show significant change during sonication.
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 10A legendHow it will be judged
Pairs from the 3,000 Hz/200 us sessions, types as in U, normalized dSTTC as in D in 0 to 67 ms against the prestimulus window, one-tailed rank-sum at p < 0.05, after Kruskal-Wallis across the windows. Reproduced when S1 RSU to POm RSU and POm RSU to S1 FSU increase significantly and S1 RSU to POm FSU and POm RSU to S1 RSU do not change (tested in either direction, the paper's "no significant change"); partially reproduced when one of the two increases holds. Run under D1 and D2, D3 and D4, C1 and C2, R-independent; the outcome is the one they all give.
- fig10a-dsttc-3000-post
After 3,000 Hz PRF sonication, the directional correlation from S1 RSUs to POm FSUs and from POm RSUs to S1 RSUs decreases.
Postsonication, we found the correlation from S1 RSUs to POm FSUs and POm RSUs to S1 RSUs significantly decreased, representing the desynchronization of spikes.
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 10AHow it will be judged
As fig10a-dsttc-3000-during, one-tailed for a decrease, in the postsonication windows of D1 or D2 (the paper does not say which postsonication window; 201 to 268 ms is the window of the spiking analysis, and the claim holds when the decrease is significant in at least one window after 67 ms). Reproduced when both decrease; partially when one does.
- fig10b-dsttc-30
During 30 Hz PRF sonication, the directional correlation from S1 RSUs to POm FSUs increases and that from POm RSUs to S1 FSUs decreases.
When delivering 30 Hz ultrasound, S1 RSUs to POm FSUs higher correlated (p = 0.0058), while POm RSUs showed decreased correlation to S1 FSUs during sonication (p = 0.0058).
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 10B legendHow it will be judged
As fig10a-dsttc-3000-during, for the 30 Hz/200 us sessions in 0 to 67 ms. Reproduced when the S1 RSU to POm FSU increase and the POm RSU to S1 FSU decrease are both significant at p < 0.05; partially reproduced when one is.
- fig10c-sttc-constant-pd
With constant 200 us PD, the change in S1 RSU to POm RSU correlation during sonication does not depend on PRF, though 1,500 Hz gives a larger change than 30 Hz.
When applying tFUS with constant 200 μs PD, varying the DC and PRF, the correlation did not show PRF-dependent change. A total of 1,500 Hz PRF did show a higher correlation change compared with 30 Hz PRF (Fig. 10C; p = 0.02).
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 10CHow it will be judged
S1 RSU and POm RSU pairs of the five 200 us PD sessions, STTC change from prestimulus to 0 to 67 ms as in D (D3 or D4). The absence is judged on the paper's test, Kruskal-Wallis across the five PRFs at p < 0.05, not significant; the 1,500 against 30 Hz one-tailed rank-sum at p < 0.05. Reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test is not significant and 1,500 Hz exceeds 30 Hz significantly; not reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test is significant; partially reproduced when it is not and the pairwise test fails. Effect sizes (median change per PRF) are reported.
- fig10d-sttc-60dc
At constant 60% DC, the S1 RSU to POm RSU correlation change depends on PRF, with a preference for 1,500 and 3,000 Hz.
Then we fixed the DC to 60% and varied PRF. Unlike the neuronal responses (Fig. 9), the correlation showed the preference to 1,500 and 3,000 Hz (Fig. 10D).
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 10D legendHow it will be judged
As fig10c-sttc-constant-pd, for the five 60% DC sessions. Reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test is significant at p < 0.05 and 1,500 and 3,000 Hz have the two highest changes; partially reproduced when it is significant and one of them is among the two highest. The paper does not say whether the preference is read from means or medians; both are read.
- fig10e-sttc-30hz-dc
At 30 Hz PRF, the S1 RSU to POm RSU correlation change depends on DC, changing most at the middle DCs (6, 30, 60%) and less at 0.6% and 90%.
For 30 Hz PRF (Fig. 10E), the correlation tended to change most at a middle range (6, 30, 60%) and respond less to lower (e.g., 0.6%) and higher DC (e.g., 90%).
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 10EHow it will be judged
As fig10c-sttc-constant-pd, for the five 30 Hz sessions. "Tended to" is judged on the means, and on the medians as a second reading (the paper names neither); reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test is significant at p < 0.05 and each of 6%, 30% and 60% has a larger mean change than both 0.6% and 90%; partially reproduced when the test is significant and two of the three middle DCs exceed both ends.
- fig10f-sttc-3000-dc
At 3,000 Hz PRF, the S1 RSU to POm RSU correlation change does not depend on DC.
For 3,000 Hz PRF, the pathway correlation showed DC independence (Fig. 10F).
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 10FHow it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's test, Kruskal-Wallis across the five 3,000 Hz DC sessions at p < 0.05, measure as in fig10c-sttc-constant-pd. Reproduced when not significant, not reproduced when significant, under each reading of D3 and D4; the H statistic and the per-DC means are reported.
- fig11b-ac-responses
Auditory cortex neurons respond during sonication to 1,500 and 3,000 Hz PRF and after sonication to 30, 1,500, 3,000 and 4,500 Hz, with PRF-dependent responses and the least response at 300 Hz.
During sonication, the AC neurons showed time-locked responses to 1,500 Hz (n = 107, p = 9.9 × 10−5) and 3,000 Hz PRF (n = 104, p = 1.98 × 10−7). Postsonication, neuronal responses were activated by 30 Hz (n = 83, p = 1.77 × 10−20), 1,500 Hz, (n = 107, p = 1.36 × 10−5), 3,000 Hz (n = 104, p = 4.47 × 10−13), and 4,500 Hz (n = 100, p = 1.66 × 10−40).
Results, Auditory confound on CTC pathway modulation using tFUS, paragraph 1; Figure 11 legend (panel B, printed as C)How it will be judged
AC units of the 12 S1 and AC rats with more than 2,000 spikes (U, not typed), R, T as in fig6a-s1-rsu-timelocked-high-prf, 0 to 67 and 201 to 268 ms. Which PD the PRF series used is not stated ("varying combination of PRFs and DCs"); the reading is the 200 us PD series of Fig. 6, and any other PRF series the AC sessions hold is shown as a variant. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, exactly 1,500 and 3,000 Hz are significant during sonication, exactly 30, 1,500, 3,000 and 4,500 Hz postsonication, and 300 Hz has the lowest mean in both windows; partially reproduced when the patterns differ by one PRF. The total count is within 10%.
- fig11c-ac-to-s1-30hz
During 30 Hz PRF sonication the directional correlation from AC neurons to S1 RSUs increases and lasts about 150 to 200 ms, while the correlation of AC neurons to S1 FSUs changes during and right after sonication.
During tFUS sonication with 30 Hz PRF, the correlation from 878 paired AC neurons to S1 RSUs significantly increased (p = 0.0014) which lasting for ∼150 ms (left). The correlation of AC neurons to S1 FSUs decreased during and right after sonication.
Figure 11 legend (second panel C); Results, Auditory confound on CTC pathway modulation using tFUS, paragraph 2How it will be judged
Pairs of AC neurons and S1 units (U) in the 30 Hz/200 us sessions of the AC rats, normalized dSTTC from AC to S1 as in D, against the prestimulus window, one-tailed rank-sum at p < 0.05. The legend gives 1,421 AC and S1 RSU pairs and 878 pairs for 30 Hz; the readings are (a) 878 is the number of pairs in the 30 Hz sessions and 1,421 those of all sessions, (b) 878 are the pairs with a defined dSTTC among 1,421 in the 30 Hz sessions. The Results say the increase lasted about 200 ms and that the same synchronization was found from AC to S1 FSUs, while the legend says about 150 ms and a decrease to S1 FSUs. Reproduced when the AC to S1 RSU increase is significant in 0 to 67 ms and stays significant in consecutive windows to between 134 and 268 ms (covering both durations); partially reproduced when only the 0 to 67 ms increase holds. The AC to S1 FSU change is reported with its direction, set against both passages, and the pair count is compared under each reading.
- fig11d-ac-to-s1-3000
With 3,000 Hz PRF, AC neurons show no directional correlation change with S1 RSUs, while the correlation of AC neurons to S1 FSUs changes in both directions after sonication, at about 200 to 300 ms.
The 1,714 paired neurons recorded from 3,000 Hz PRF sessions were compared. There was no correlation change of AC neurons to S1 RSUs. While there were postsonication bidirectional correlation change from 1,016 paired AC neurons to S1 FSUs.
Figure 11 legend (panel D); Results, Auditory confound on CTC pathway modulation using tFUS, paragraph 2How it will be judged
As fig11c-ac-to-s1-30hz, for the 3,000 Hz/200 us sessions. The absence for AC to S1 RSUs is judged on the paper's test, one-tailed rank-sum against the prestimulus window at p < 0.05, in each window of D, in either direction; reproduced for that part when none is significant. The AC to S1 FSU part holds when windows between about 200 and 300 ms (D1 windows 201 to 268 and 268 to 335 ms) show significant changes, an increase in one and a decrease in another ("bidirectional"; the paper does not say whether this means both signs over time or both directions of the pair, which is the second reading, AC to S1 FSU and S1 FSU to AC both changing). Reproduced when both parts hold, partially when one does.
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