Claims 37
From the paper Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Modulates Feedforward and Feedback Cortico-Thalamo-Cortical Pathways by Selectively Activating Excitatory Neurons · claims file · checked 2026-10-23: ready
- fig4-unit-counts
The analysis of Figure 4 rests on 312 RSUs and 54 FSUs from S1 and 233 RSUs and 17 FSUs from POm in the 3000 Hz PRF sessions, and on 148 RSUs and 61 FSUs from S1 and 189 RSUs and 43 FSUs from POm in the 30 Hz PRF sessions; Figure 6 pools 1050 RSUs and 247 FSUs from S1 and 913 RSUs and 106 FSUs from POm over the five PRFs.
There are 312 RSUs and 54 FSUs recorded from S1, 233 RSUs and 17 FSUs recorded from POm for PRF 3,000 Hz. There are 148 RSUs and 61 FSUs recorded from S1 and189 RSUs and 43 FSUs recorded from POm for PRF 30 Hz. ... sorted 1,050 RSUs (A) and 247 FSUs (B) recorded from S1 ... sorted 913 RSUs (C) and 106 FSUs (D) recorded from POm
Figure 4 legend; Figure 6 legendHow it will be judged
Units selected by M1 and typed by M2 (every O1 reading), counted per region, type and condition, a unit counted once per session in which it is sorted. Reproduced when, under one O1 reading, at least 10 of the 12 counts are within tolerance; partially reproduced for 6 to 9; not reproduced below 6. A count can only be compared where the dataset holds the units as the paper sorted them or the sorting of M1 is redone; which applies is reported.
- fig4a-s1-rsu-timelocked-3000
S1 RSUs are activated during sonication (0 to 67 ms) with 3000 Hz PRF, 60% DC tFUS targeting S1.
RSUs from S1 (n = 312, p = 3.13 × 10−7) and POm (n = 233, p = 0.0003) were both activated during 3,000 Hz PRF sonication
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 4AHow it will be judged
S1 RSUs of the 3000 Hz, 60% DC sessions (M1, M2), normalized rate in 0 to 67 ms (M3), tested against baseline by M4, one-tailed greater, at corrected p < 0.01. Reproduced when significant with the mean normalized rate above 100%, under every reading of O1 to O4.
- fig4b-pom-rsu-timelocked-3000
POm RSUs show a response synchronized with S1 RSUs, being activated during 3000 Hz PRF sonication of S1.
RSUs from S1 (n = 312, p = 3.13 × 10−7) and POm (n = 233, p = 0.0003) were both activated during 3,000 Hz PRF sonication
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 4BHow it will be judged
As fig4a-s1-rsu-timelocked-3000, for the POm RSUs of the same sessions.
- fig4-post-3000
After 3000 Hz PRF sonication, S1 RSUs, POm RSUs and S1 FSUs show delayed activation from 134 ms.
Postsonication activations were presented for S1 RSUs (p = 5 × 10−18), POm RSUs (p = 0.0007), and S1 FSUs (n = 54, p = 4.03 × 10−8) from 134 ms
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 4How it will be judged
The 3000 Hz, 60% DC sessions, normalized rate (M3) in a postsonication window from 134 ms. The paper does not say which window the three p-values belong to; the readings are 134 to 268 ms (the window of the 30 Hz POm result in the Figure 4 legend), 134 to 201 ms, and 201 to 268 ms. Each group tested against baseline by M4, one-tailed greater, corrected p < 0.01. Reproduced when all three groups are significant with mean above 100% under one window reading, the O1 to O4 readings agreeing; partially reproduced for two of three.
- fig4-30hz-responses
With 30 Hz PRF, 0.6% DC, S1 RSUs show an inhibitory response after sonication (67 to 134 ms) and POm RSUs show delayed excitatory activity (134 to 268 ms).
At 30 Hz PRF, the S1 RSUs showed an inhibitory response after sonication (67–134 ms, n = 148, p = 0.0029) and POm RSUs expressed delayed excitatory activities (n = 189, p = 2 × 10−9)
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 4 legendHow it will be judged
The 30 Hz, 0.6% DC sessions. S1 RSUs, normalized rate (M3) in 67 to 134 ms tested against baseline one-tailed less; POm RSUs in 134 to 268 ms tested one-tailed greater (M4), each at corrected p < 0.01. Reproduced when both hold, with means below and above 100% respectively, under every reading of O1 to O4; partially reproduced when one holds.
- fig4-fsu-no-change
S1 FSUs show no time-locked response to 3000 Hz PRF, and there is no activity change among S1 FSUs to 30 Hz PRF nor among POm FSUs to either PRF.
There was no activity change among S1 FSUs (n = 61) to 30 Hz PRF and POm FSUs to both PRFs (3,000 Hz, n = 17; 30 Hz, n = 43) ... only S1 RSUs showed time-locked responses to 3,000 Hz PRF instead of 30 Hz PRF
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraphs 1 and 3; Figure 4How it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's test (M4), corrected p < 0.01. For S1 FSUs at 3000 Hz, the 0 to 67 ms window; for S1 FSUs at 30 Hz and POm FSUs at both PRFs, every 67 ms window from 0 to 268 ms. Reproduced when no test is significant; not reproduced when any is. The one-tailed direction is named by O5 (greater only, or both); the other O1 to O4 readings are run, and if they differ in outcome the claim is methods_underspecified. Mean normalized rates are reported for every group and window.
- fig5a-sham-no-response
In sham sessions without tFUS, S1 and POm neurons show no time-locked and no delayed (201 to 268 ms) activity changes.
In sham condition (no tFUS), S1 neurons and POm neurons showed no time-locked
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 5AHow it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's test (M4), corrected p < 0.01, for each of S1 RSUs, S1 FSUs, POm RSUs and POm FSUs of the sham sessions, in 0 to 67 ms and 201 to 268 ms after the time a sonication would have started. Reproduced when no test is significant; not reproduced when any is. O5 names the direction; the other readings as in fig4-fsu-no-change. The sham sessions' trial times must come from the dataset; if the dataset gives no trial times for them, the claim cannot be tested. Unit counts are compared as expected values.
- fig5b-control-cg1-no-response
With 3000 Hz PRF tFUS targeting the cingulate cortex (CG1) as control, S1 and POm neurons show no time-locked and no delayed (201 to 268 ms) responses.
In control condition (tFUS targeted at CG1), S1 neurons and POm neurons showed no time-locked
Results, Synchronizing neuronal responses to tFUS in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 5BHow it will be judged
As fig5a-sham-no-response, for the control sessions targeting CG1.
- fig6a-s1-rsu-timelocked-prf
With constant 200 us pulse duration, time-locked responses of S1 RSUs are elicited only by the high PRFs 1500, 3000 and 4500 Hz, and 1500 Hz evokes the highest response (123.34 +/- 4.3%).
time-locked S1 RSUs’ responses could only be elicited from high PRFs ... among which 1,500 Hz evoked highest response level of 123.34 ± 4.3%
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 6AHow it will be judged
The constant-PD series (30 Hz 0.6%, 300 Hz 6%, 1500 Hz 30%, 3000 Hz 60%, 4500 Hz 90% DC), S1 RSUs, normalized rate in 0 to 67 ms (M3). Kruskal-Wallis across the five PRFs, and each PRF against baseline (M4), one-tailed greater, corrected p < 0.01. Reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test is significant, 1500, 3000 and 4500 Hz are significant while 30 and 300 Hz are not, and 1500 Hz has the highest mean, within the tolerance (the reported SEM) of 123.34%, under every O1 to O4 reading for the tests (the mean under any O2 reading). Partially reproduced when the pattern of significance holds but the highest PRF or its value does not.
- fig6a-s1-rsu-delayed-prf
Delayed responses (201 to 268 ms) of S1 RSUs occur at PRFs higher than 30 Hz, and are highest at 4500 Hz (148.39 +/- 5.41%).
The delayed responses (201–268 ms) of RSUs could be observed at PRFs higher than 30 Hz and the highest response occurred at 4,500 Hz (148.39 ± 5.41%)
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 6AHow it will be judged
As fig6a-s1-rsu-timelocked-prf, in 201 to 268 ms. Reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test is significant, 300, 1500, 3000 and 4500 Hz are each significant against baseline while 30 Hz is not, and 4500 Hz has the highest mean, within tolerance of 148.39%. Partially reproduced when at least three of the four higher PRFs are significant and 4500 Hz is highest.
- fig6b-s1-fsu-prf
S1 FSUs show no time-locked response to any PRF and only delayed responses at PRFs higher than 1500 Hz, highest at 4500 Hz (158.75 +/- 10.75%).
FSUs did not show time-locked responses to any PRFs and only presented delayed responses at PRFs higher than 1,500 Hz, with the highest response level at 4,500 Hz (158.75 ± 10.75%)
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 6BHow it will be judged
The constant-PD series, S1 FSUs (M2), tests of M4. The absence part (no time-locked response at any PRF) is judged on the paper's test, 0 to 67 ms against baseline at corrected p < 0.01, direction by O5; it fails if any PRF is significant. "Higher than 1,500 Hz" is read as (a) 3000 and 4500 Hz, or (b) 1500 Hz and above, as the paper writes the same phrase for POm RSUs whose delayed response it puts highest at 1500 Hz. The delayed part holds when the Kruskal-Wallis test in 201 to 268 ms is significant, the PRFs of one reading are significant against baseline and the lower ones are not, and 4500 Hz has the highest mean within tolerance. Reproduced when both parts hold; partially reproduced when one does.
- fig6c-pom-rsu-prf
POm RSUs show time-locked responses to 1500 and 3000 Hz PRF; their delayed responses are induced by PRFs higher than 1500 Hz and are highest at 1500 Hz (141.68 +/- 2.38%).
time-locked responses (Fig. 6B) from POm RSUs could be elicited by 1,500 Hz (n = 153, p = 0.003) and 3,000 Hz PRFs (n = 233, p = 0.0003). However, the delayed responses (201–268 ms) of POm RSUs were induced by PRFs higher than 1,500 Hz and were highest (141.68 ± 2.38%) at 1,500 Hz
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 6CHow it will be judged
The constant-PD series, POm RSUs, tests of M4. The text cites "Fig. 6B" for these POm results; the Figure 6 legend puts POm RSUs in panel C. Time-locked part holds when the Kruskal-Wallis test in 0 to 67 ms is significant and 1500 and 3000 Hz are significant against baseline (one-tailed greater, corrected p < 0.01). "Higher than 1,500 Hz" is read as (a) 1500 Hz and above, which the highest value at 1500 Hz requires, or (b) 3000 and 4500 Hz. Delayed part holds when the Kruskal-Wallis test in 201 to 268 ms is significant, the PRFs of one reading are significant, and 1500 Hz has the highest mean within tolerance. Reproduced when both parts hold under every O1 to O4 reading; partially reproduced when one does.
- fig6d-pom-fsu-prf
POm FSUs show no time-locked response against baseline to any PRF, though they differ between 30 and 1500 Hz, and show delayed responses only to 4500 Hz.
The FSUs did not show any time-locked responses and only expressed the delayed responses to 4,500 Hz (n = 26, p = 4.2 × 10−6)
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 6D legendHow it will be judged
The constant-PD series, POm FSUs, tests of M4. Absence of time-locked responses is judged on the paper's test (0 to 67 ms against baseline, corrected p < 0.01, direction by O5). The delayed part holds when the Kruskal-Wallis test in 201 to 268 ms is significant and 4500 Hz alone is significant against baseline. The 30 against 1500 Hz difference in 0 to 67 ms has no stated direction, so it is tested one-tailed each way (1500 Hz greater, 30 Hz greater), corrected p < 0.01, and holds when either is significant; the direction found is reported. Reproduced when all three parts hold; partially reproduced when two hold.
- fig7a-s1-rsu-dc-3000
At 3000 Hz PRF the time-locked responses of S1 RSUs depend on DC, being elicited at 30% and 60% DC, and delayed activities appear at 6, 30 and 60% DC.
with 3,000 Hz PRF, the time-locked responses of S1 RSUs were dependent on DCs which can be elicited with DC of 30% (n = 194, p = 3.38 × 10−6) and 60% (n = 312, p = 5.96 × 10−6). Delayed activities of RSUs were found at 6% (n = 56, p = 0.001), 30% (n = 194, p = 9.64 × 10−32), and 60% (n = 312, p = 1.38 × 10−15)
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 7AHow it will be judged
The 3000 Hz DC series (0.6, 6, 30, 60, 90% DC), S1 RSUs, tests of M4. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, 30 and 60% (and no other DC) are significant against baseline in 0 to 67 ms, and 6, 30 and 60% (and no other DC) in 201 to 268 ms, one-tailed greater, corrected p < 0.01, under every O1 to O4 reading. Partially reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis tests and at least four of the five named DC-window results hold.
- fig7b-s1-fsu-dc-3000
At 3000 Hz PRF, delayed responses of S1 FSUs are elicited by 6, 30 and 60% DC, the same range as S1 RSUs, and 0.6% differs from 30% DC postsonication.
Delayed responses of FSUs could be elicited by 6% (n = 22, p = 1.29 × 10−8), 30% (n = 49, p = 2.32 × 10−11), and 60% (n = 54, p = 2.38 × 10−8) DCs (Fig. 7B), which were the same range of S1 RSUs
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 7BHow it will be judged
The 3000 Hz DC series, S1 FSUs, 201 to 268 ms, tests of M4. Reproduced when 6, 30 and 60% DC are each significant against baseline (one-tailed greater, corrected p < 0.01) and 0.6% and 90% are not, and 0.6% and 30% differ, under every O1 to O4 reading. The legend gives no direction for that difference, so it is tested one-tailed each way at corrected p < 0.01 and holds when either is significant; the direction found is reported. Partially reproduced when two of the three named DCs are significant.
- fig7c-pom-rsu-dc-3000
At 3000 Hz PRF the time-locked responses of POm RSUs do not depend on DC and are highest at 60% (106 +/- 0.77%); their delayed responses are activated by DCs from 6% up.
The POm RSUs’ time-locked responses did not show DC dependence and were highest at 60% (106 ± 0.77%; Fig. 7C). Delayed responses could be activated by DC higher than 6% (6%, n = 22, p = 1.55 × 10−6; n = 7, p = 0.001; 60%, n = 233, p = 1.28 × 10−6; 90%, n = 18, p = 0.006)
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 7CHow it will be judged
The 3000 Hz DC series, POm RSUs, tests of M4. The list after "higher than 6%" names 6%, an unlabelled entry, 60% and 90%; the unlabelled entry is read as 30%, the one DC left above 0.6%, and "higher than 6%" as 6% and above. The absence of DC dependence in 0 to 67 ms is judged on the paper's test, Kruskal-Wallis across the five DCs at p < 0.01, reproduced when not significant. The delayed part holds when the Kruskal-Wallis test in 201 to 268 ms is significant and 6, 30, 60 and 90% are each significant against baseline (one-tailed greater, corrected p < 0.01). The 60% mean in 0 to 67 ms is compared with 106% and must be the highest of the five. Reproduced when all three hold; partially reproduced when two do.
- fig7d-pom-fsu-dc-3000
At 3000 Hz PRF, POm FSUs show no time-locked response against baseline but higher activity at 30% than at 0.6% and 6% DC during sonication; their delayed activities occur at 30, 60 and 90% DC.
There was no time-locked responses of POm FSUs compared with baseline while 30% DC showed higher activities compared with 0.6% (p = 0.0001) and 6% DC (p = 0.0003). The delayed activities of POm FSUs occurred at 30% (n = 18, p = 0.003), 60% (n = 17, p = 0.005), and 90% (n = 52, p = 6.8 × 10−5) DCs
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 7DHow it will be judged
The 3000 Hz DC series, POm FSUs, tests of M4. Absence of time-locked responses against baseline judged on the paper's test (corrected p < 0.01, direction by O5). The during-sonication part holds when the Kruskal-Wallis test in 0 to 67 ms is significant and 30% exceeds 0.6% and 6% (one-tailed, corrected p < 0.01). The delayed part holds when 30, 60 and 90% are each significant against baseline in 201 to 268 ms. Reproduced when all three hold; partially reproduced when two do.
- fig8a-s1-rsu-dc-30
At 30 Hz PRF, S1 RSUs show time-locked responses to 6, 30 and 90% DC and delayed responses to 90% DC.
With 30 Hz PRF stimulation (Fig. 8A), the S1 RSUs showed time-locked responses to DC of 6% (n = 81, p = 1.19 × 10−8), 30% (n = 61, p = 0.001), and 90% (n = 66, p = 2.17 × 10−6) and delayed responses to 90% DC (n = 66, p = 1.5 × 10−24)
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 8AHow it will be judged
The 30 Hz DC series (0.6, 6, 30, 60, 90% DC), S1 RSUs, tests of M4. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, 6, 30 and 90% are each significant against baseline in 0 to 67 ms, and 90% in 201 to 268 ms (corrected p < 0.01), under every O1 to O4 reading. The 90% responses are tested one-tailed greater (the Discussion calls the 90% DC response excitatory). The paper gives no direction for the 6% and 30% time-locked responses (the 0.6% DC response at 30 Hz is inhibitory, Figure 4), so each is tested one-tailed each way and holds when either is significant; the direction found is reported. Partially reproduced when three of the four named results hold.
- fig8b-s1-fsu-dc-30
At 30 Hz PRF, 90% DC induces a positive time-locked response in S1 FSUs, and S1 FSUs show delayed responses only to 90% DC.
Moreover, 90% DC with 30 Hz PRF induced positive time-locked response in S1 FSUs (Fig. 8B; n = 28, p = 4.57 × 10−11). Like S1 RSUs, S1 FSUs only showed delayed responses to 90% DC (n = 28, p = 0.007) with 30 Hz PRF
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 8BHow it will be judged
The 30 Hz DC series, S1 FSUs, tests of M4. Reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test in 0 to 67 ms is significant and 90% DC is significant against baseline in both 0 to 67 ms and 201 to 268 ms while no other DC is significant in 201 to 268 ms (one-tailed greater, corrected p < 0.01), under every O1 to O4 reading. Partially reproduced when the 90% DC results hold but another DC is also significant postsonication.
- fig8b-s1-fsu-no-dc-difference-post
Postsonication (201 to 268 ms), S1 FSUs show no difference between DCs at 30 Hz PRF.
The comparison of neuronal responses for sorted 147 FSUs recorded from S1 with 30 Hz PRF showed DC-dependent responses during sonication (p = 1.89 × 10−8) and no difference to DCs postsonication (201–268 ms)
Figure 8B legendHow it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's test, Kruskal-Wallis across the five DCs of the 30 Hz series, S1 FSU normalized rates in 201 to 268 ms, at p < 0.01 (M4). Reproduced when not significant; not reproduced when significant. H and p are reported, and the run under every O1 and O2 reading; if those differ in outcome the claim is methods_underspecified.
- fig9a-s1-rsu-prf-60dc
At constant 60% DC only 30 Hz PRF has a different effect from the other PRFs on S1 RSUs during sonication, while postsonication activity is highest at 4500 Hz.
only 30 Hz PRF showed different effects to other PRFs (300 Hz, p = 0.008; 1,500 Hz, p = 0.006; 3,000 Hz, p = 0.007; 4,500 Hz, p = 0.0003) on S1 RSUs during sonication, while postsonication activities preferred 4,500 Hz
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 9AHow it will be judged
The 60% DC series (30, 300, 1500, 3000, 4500 Hz), S1 RSUs, tests of M4. The direction of the 30 Hz differences is not stated; each is tested one-tailed each way and holds when either is significant, the direction found reported. "Only 30 Hz" means no pair of the other four PRFs differs. For pairwise tests the Bonferroni factor is read as (a) the 10 pairs or (b) the 4 comparisons with 30 Hz. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, 30 Hz differs from each of the other four at corrected p < 0.01, no other pair does, and 4500 Hz has the highest mean in 201 to 268 ms. Partially reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis tests hold and at least three of the four 30 Hz differences do.
- fig9b-s1-fsu-prf-60dc
At constant 60% DC, S1 FSUs respond to 1500 Hz PRF during sonication and respond most to 4500 Hz postsonication.
S1 FSUs responded to 1,500 Hz PRF (n = 48, p = 3.35 ×10−6) during sonication and preferred 4,500 Hz post sonication (n = 18, p = 5.84 × 10−10; Fig. 9B)
Results, tFUS parameters on affecting neuronal activities of CTC pathway, paragraph 3; Figure 9BHow it will be judged
The 60% DC series, S1 FSUs, tests of M4. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, 1500 Hz is significant against baseline in 0 to 67 ms, 4500 Hz is significant in 201 to 268 ms and has the highest mean there (one-tailed greater, corrected p < 0.01), under every O1 to O4 reading. Partially reproduced when two of the three PRF results hold.
- fig10a-feedback-s1rsu-pomrsu
With 3000 Hz PRF, 60% DC, S1 RSUs show increased directional correlation to POm RSUs during sonication, taken as activation of the feedback CTC pathway.
When 3,000 Hz PRF was applied, S1 RSUs showed an increased correlation to POm RSUs during sonication (p = 0.01)
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 10AHow it will be judged
Pairs of S1 RSUs and POm RSUs of the 3000 Hz, 60% DC sessions (M1, M2, O8); dSTTC from S1 RSU (A) to POm RSU (B) (M5, O6) normalized by O7, during 0 to 67 ms against prestimulation, one-tailed greater at p < 0.05 (M6). Reproduced when significant with the mean normalized dSTTC above zero, under every reading of O1, O6, O7 and O8.
- fig10a-pomrsu-s1fsu
With 3000 Hz PRF, POm RSUs show enhanced correlation to S1 FSUs during sonication, and the other directional correlations (S1 RSU to POm FSU, POm RSU to S1 RSU) do not change significantly during sonication.
At the same period, POm RSUs showed enhanced correlation to S1 FSUs (p = 0.02). The other directional correlation did not show significant change during sonication.
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 10A legendHow it will be judged
As fig10a-feedback-s1rsu-pomrsu for dSTTC from POm RSUs to S1 FSUs, one-tailed greater at p < 0.05. The absence part is judged on the same test for S1 RSU to POm FSU and POm RSU to S1 RSU during 0 to 67 ms, direction by O5, reproduced when neither is significant. Reproduced when both parts hold; partially reproduced when one holds.
- fig10a-post-decrease
After 3000 Hz PRF sonication, the correlation from S1 RSUs to POm FSUs and from POm RSUs to S1 RSUs decreases significantly.
Postsonication, we found the correlation from S1 RSUs to POm FSUs and POm RSUs to S1 RSUs significantly decreased, representing the desynchronization of spikes
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 10AHow it will be judged
The 3000 Hz, 60% DC sessions, dSTTC (M5, O6, O7) from S1 RSUs to POm FSUs and from POm RSUs to S1 RSUs. The paper does not name the postsonication window or give the p-values; the readings are each 67 ms window from 67 to 268 ms, and 201 to 268 ms, the postsonication window of the rate analyses. One-tailed less against prestimulation at p < 0.05 (M6). Reproduced when both directions are significant in at least one common window; partially reproduced when one is.
- fig10b-30hz-dsttc
With 30 Hz PRF, S1 RSUs show a time-locked increase in correlation to POm FSUs, while POm RSUs show decreased correlation to S1 FSUs during sonication.
When delivering 30 Hz ultrasound, S1 RSUs to POm FSUs higher correlated (p = 0.0058), while POm RSUs showed decreased correlation to S1 FSUs during sonication (p = 0.0058)
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 1; Figure 10BHow it will be judged
The 30 Hz, 0.6% DC sessions, dSTTC (M5, O6, O7, O8), 0 to 67 ms against prestimulation (M6), S1 RSU to POm FSU one-tailed greater and POm RSU to S1 FSU one-tailed less, at p < 0.05. Reproduced when both hold under every reading; partially reproduced when one holds.
- fig10c-sttc-constant-pd
With constant 200 us pulse duration, the change of STTC between S1 RSUs and POm RSUs during sonication does not depend on PRF, though 1500 Hz gives a higher change than 30 Hz.
When applying tFUS with constant 200 μs PD, varying the DC and PRF, the correlation did not show PRF-dependent change. A total of 1,500 Hz PRF did show a higher correlation change compared with 30 Hz PRF (Fig. 10C; p = 0.02).
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 10CHow it will be judged
Pairs of S1 RSUs and POm RSUs in the constant-PD series; STTC (Cutts and Eglen 2014) with Delta t 20 ms, change during 0 to 67 ms from prestimulation normalized by O7. The absence of PRF dependence is judged on the paper's test, Kruskal-Wallis across the five PRFs at p < 0.05 (M6), holding when not significant. The 1500 against 30 Hz part holds when 1500 Hz is greater, one-tailed, p < 0.05. Reproduced when both hold under every O7 reading; partially reproduced when one holds.
- fig10d-sttc-60dc
With constant 60% DC, the change of correlation between S1 RSUs and POm RSUs depends on PRF, with a preference for 1500 and 3000 Hz.
Unlike the neuronal responses (Fig. 9), the correlation showed the preference to 1,500 and 3,000 Hz (Fig. 10D)
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 10D legendHow it will be judged
As fig10c-sttc-constant-pd, for the 60% DC series. Reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test across the five PRFs is significant at p < 0.05 and 1500 and 3000 Hz have the two highest mean changes; partially reproduced when the test holds and one of them is among the two highest.
- fig10e-sttc-30hz-dc
At 30 Hz PRF the change of correlation between S1 RSUs and POm RSUs depends on DC, largest at middle DCs (6, 30, 60%) and smaller at 0.6% and 90%.
For 30 Hz PRF (Fig. 10E), the correlation tended to change most at a middle range (6, 30, 60%) and respond less to lower (e.g., 0.6%) and higher DC (e.g., 90%)
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 10E legendHow it will be judged
As fig10c-sttc-constant-pd, for the 30 Hz DC series. Reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis test across the five DCs is significant at p < 0.05 and each of 6, 30 and 60% has a higher mean change than both 0.6% and 90%; partially reproduced when the test holds and the lowest two means are 0.6% and 90% in either order but the middle order is otherwise.
- fig10f-sttc-3000hz-dc-independent
At 3000 Hz PRF the change of correlation between S1 RSUs and POm RSUs does not depend on DC.
For 3,000 Hz PRF, the pathway correlation showed DC independence (Fig. 10F).
Results, tFUS elicited correlation change in CTC pathway, paragraph 2; Figure 10FHow it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's test, Kruskal-Wallis across the five DCs of the 3000 Hz series, STTC change as in fig10c-sttc-constant-pd, at p < 0.05. Reproduced when not significant; not reproduced when significant; H and p reported.
- synthesis-prf-pathway
The PRFs that elicit the strongest local S1 RSU responses (1500 and 3000 Hz) also give the highest POm responses and the strongest correlation change, so pathway modulation is PRF dependent.
Our results show S1 RSUs’ preference for 1,500 and 3,000 Hz, and the POm highest responses as well as the strongest correlation change were induced by the same PRF range
Discussion, The feedback and feedforward cortico-thalomo-cortical circuits activated by cell-type selective tFUS, paragraph 2How it will be judged
From the results of the claims it depends on. Reproduced when the PRF with the highest mean 0 to 67 ms response of S1 RSUs in the constant-PD series is 1500 or 3000 Hz, the PRF with the highest mean response of POm RSUs in that series is 1500 or 3000 Hz, and the two highest STTC changes in the 60% DC series are at 1500 and 3000 Hz; partially reproduced when two of the three hold. The Discussion does not say which window "the POm highest responses" means; the readings are 0 to 67 ms and 201 to 268 ms (where Figure 6C puts the highest delayed response at 1500 Hz), and the POm part holds under either.
- fig11-ac-unit-counts
The auditory-confound analysis rests on 453 AC neurons over the PRFs, with 83, 107, 104 and 100 neurons in the 30, 1500, 3000 and 4500 Hz sessions.
The comparison of the responses of sorted 453 neurons from AC to different PRFs was conducted using Kruskal–Wallis
Results, Auditory confound on CTC pathway modulation using tFUS, paragraph 1; Figure 11 legendHow it will be judged
AC units selected by M1, untyped, counted per session condition of the AC group. Reproduced when at least four of the five counts are within tolerance; partially reproduced for two or three. Which PRF series the AC sessions follow (constant PD or other) the paper does not say; the readings are the constant-PD series and any series the dataset labels with these PRFs.
- fig11b-ac-prf-responses
AC neurons show time-locked responses to 1500 and 3000 Hz PRF tFUS targeting S1 and postsonication responses to 30, 1500, 3000 and 4500 Hz, with the least response to 300 Hz.
During sonication, the AC neurons showed time-locked responses to 1,500 Hz (n = 107, p = 9.9 × 10−5) and 3,000 Hz PRF (n = 104, p = 1.98 × 10−7). Postsonication, neuronal responses were activated by 30 Hz (n = 83, p = 1.77 × 10−20), 1,500 Hz, (n = 107, p = 1.36 × 10−5), 3,000 Hz (n = 104, p = 4.47 × 10−13), and 4,500 Hz (n = 100, p = 1.66 × 10−40)
Results, Auditory confound on CTC pathway modulation using tFUS, paragraph 1; Figure 11A and the PRF panel of Figure 11 (labelled B in the text, C in the legend)How it will be judged
AC units of the AC group (M1), normalized rate (M3) in 0 to 67 ms and 201 to 268 ms (the postsonication window of the parameter comparisons; the paper does not name it for AC), tests of M4 under O2 to O4. Reproduced when both Kruskal-Wallis tests are significant, 1500 and 3000 Hz (and not 30, 300, 4500 Hz) are significant against baseline during sonication, 30, 1500, 3000 and 4500 Hz (and not 300 Hz) postsonication, one-tailed greater, corrected p < 0.01, and 300 Hz has the lowest mean in both windows. Partially reproduced when the Kruskal-Wallis tests and at least four of the six named PRF-window results hold.
- fig11c-ac-s1-30hz-dsttc
With 30 Hz PRF, the directional correlation from AC neurons to S1 RSUs increases significantly during sonication and lasts about 150 to 200 ms, indicating that the auditory cortex is activated directly by 30 Hz tFUS.
During tFUS sonication with 30 Hz PRF, the correlation from 878 paired AC neurons to S1 RSUs significantly increased (p = 0.0014) which lasting for ∼150 ms
Results, Auditory confound on CTC pathway modulation using tFUS, paragraph 2; Figure 11 legend, panel CHow it will be judged
Pairs of AC neurons (A) and S1 RSUs (B) recorded together in the 30 Hz sessions (O8); dSTTC (M5, O6, O7), 0 to 67 ms against prestimulation, one-tailed greater, p < 0.05 (M6). The duration is given as about 150 ms (legend) and about 200 ms (Results); it holds when the windows from onset that stay significant reach at least 134 ms (two 67 ms windows) and end by 268 ms. Reproduced when the during-sonication increase holds under every reading and the duration holds; partially reproduced when the increase holds alone.
- fig11c-ac-s1fsu-30hz
With 30 Hz PRF, the directional correlation from AC neurons to S1 FSUs also changes during and right after sonication; the legend says it decreased, while the Results say the same synchronization as with S1 RSUs was found.
The correlation of AC neurons to S1 FSUs decreased during and right after sonication.
Figure 11 legend, panel C; Results, Auditory confound on CTC pathway modulation using tFUS, paragraph 2How it will be judged
The two sentences give opposite directions, so the claim is tested as a change. dSTTC from AC neurons to S1 FSUs of the 30 Hz sessions (M5, O6, O7, O8), 0 to 67 ms and 67 to 134 ms against prestimulation, one-tailed less (the legend) and one-tailed greater (the Results), p < 0.05 (M6). Reported as reproduced in the legend's reading when the decrease is significant in either window, in the Results' reading when the increase is; the direction found is reported and the paper's disagreement recorded as a deviation.
- fig11d-ac-s1-3000hz-dsttc
With 3000 Hz PRF, AC neurons show no directional correlation change with S1 RSUs, while the correlation of AC neurons with S1 FSUs changes only postsonication, at about 200 to 300 ms.
However, when delivering 3,000 Hz PRF ultrasound energy to S1, auditory neurons did not show directional correlation change with S1 RSUs. The correlation change of AC neurons with S1 FSUs only occurred ∼200–300 ms.
Results, Auditory confound on CTC pathway modulation using tFUS, paragraph 2; Figure 11 legend, panel DHow it will be judged
Pairs of the 3000 Hz sessions of the AC group (O8), dSTTC (M5, O6, O7). The absence with S1 RSUs is judged on the paper's test, dSTTC from AC neurons to S1 RSUs (the direction the Figure 11 legend names), each 67 ms window from 0 to 268 ms against prestimulation at p < 0.05 (M6), one-tailed by O5; it holds when none is significant. S1 RSU to AC is shown as a variant only. The FSU part holds when dSTTC from AC neurons to S1 FSUs increases or decreases significantly (the legend's "bidirectional") in 201 to 268 ms (the windows nearest 200 to 300 ms; 268 to 335 ms as a second reading) and none in 0 to 134 ms. Reproduced when both parts hold; partially reproduced when one does.
- methods-insitu-pressure
With 1500 Hz PRF, 200 us PD, 67 ms UD and 5 V input, the in situ peak-to-peak pressure with beam steering to S1, measured ex vivo through a rat skull, is 88 kPa, with ISPTA 29.42 mW/cm2 (free-water spatial peak 1626.4 kPa).
The measured peak-to-peak in situ ultrasound pressure magnitude with beam steering (targeting S1) was 88 kPa (Fig. 1C) and spatial-peak temporal average (ISPTA) was 29.42 mW/cm2.
Methods, Transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation, paragraph 2; Figure 1CHow it will be judged
From the hydrophone scans of Figure 1C, which the paper describes recording but does not say it deposited; tested only if the dataset holds them.
Pipeline
- Paper
- done (1 of 1)
- Claims
- done
- Claims check
- done (ready)
- Attempt
- todo
- Questions
- none
- Verified
- none