Claims 48
From the paper Layer 4 fast-spiking interneurons filter thalamocortical signals during active somatosensa · claims file · checked 2026-11-06: ready
- behavior-performance
Mice performed the task at 0.72 +- 0.11 correct during the cortical recordings (111 cells) and 0.71 +- 0.07 during the VPM recordings (29 cells); they touched the pole 5.7 +- 5.3 times per trial at a proximal location (4,147 trials) and 0.9 +- 3.4 times at a distal location (4,173 trials), and licked 286 +- 329 ms after the first touch.
Mice touched the pole at a proximal location multiple times ... 5.7 ± 5.3, mean ± s.d., 4,147 trials) ... Average performance (proportion of correct trials) was 0.72 ± 0.11 (mean ± s.d., during the recordings of 111 cells) for cortical recordings and 0.71 ± 0.07 for VPM recordings
Online Methods, Behavior, paragraph 2How it will be judged
Performance per recorded cell is the proportion of correct trials in that cell's trials, averaged over cells. Touches are principal-whisker touch onsets per trial (M-TOUCH, without the interval rule); open for lick trials, since the touches came "before reporting perceived object location with licking", whether they are counted (c) over the whole trial or (d) before the first lick. Reaction time is the first lick after the first touch, in trials with both. Which trials count is open; readings, (a) all trials, (b) control trials only, in sessions with laser trials. Reproduced when all five values are within tolerance under one combination of readings.
- vpm-baseline-rate
VPM neurons fire at substantial rates in the absence of whisker movement and touch (5.1 +- 5.5 spikes/s, median 3.3, n = 29).
Typical VPM neurons showed significant spike rates (mean ± s.d., 5.1 ± 5.5 spikes per s; median, 3.3 spikes per s; n = 29 neurons), even in the absence of whisker movement and touch
Results, Chronic extracellular recordings from somatosensory thalamus, paragraph 1How it will be judged
Rate in nonwhisking epochs (M-EPOCH, M-RATE) for each of the 29 VPM units. Reproduced when both values are within tolerance under one reading.
- vpm-touch-response
VPM neurons respond to active touch with a sharp, short-latency, brief increase in spike rate (0.6 +- 0.5 spikes per touch, median 0.4; latency 3.2 +- 1.0 ms, median 2.5 ms; duration 2.9 +- 1.7 ms).
showed a sharp peak in spike rate (mean ± s.d., 0.6 ± 0.5 spikes per touch; median, 0.4 spikes per touch), with short latency after touch onset (mean ± s.d., 3.2 ± 1.0 ms; median, 2.5 ms) and brief duration (2.9 ± 1.7 ms, 25% of spike rate increase from baseline to peak
Results, Chronic extracellular recordings from somatosensory thalamus, paragraphs 1 and 2; Fig. 1d; Supplementary Fig. 2How it will be judged
Spikes per touch with the VPM definition (0 to 25 ms after minus 0 to 25 ms before), touches with interval at least 25 ms (M-TOUCH); latency by M-LAT, over the units that pass its exclusion; duration by the M-LAT reading. Reproduced when all five values are within tolerance.
- vpm-whisking-count
Most VPM neurons (25 of 29) significantly increase their spike rate during whisking without touch; 3 of 29 do not increase but still respond to touch, and one decreases significantly.
Most VPM neurons increased their spike rate during whisking in the absence of touch (25 out of 29 neurons ... A minority of VPM neurons (3 of 29) did not increase their spike rate with whisking but still responded to touch ... One neuron showed a significant decrease in spike rate during whisking (P < 0.0001)
Results, Chronic extracellular recordings from somatosensory thalamus, paragraph 2; Fig. 1c,e; Supplementary Fig. 2How it will be judged
Per neuron, whisking against nonwhisking by M-SIG, two-sided rank-sum at p < 0.05, rates by M-RATE. Reproduced when the counts are within tolerance under one reading. The paper's counts sum to 29 with the decreasing neuron counted apart from the 3, which the notebook states; the count of neurons with no significant change is shown too.
- vpm-whisking-rate
The average VPM spike rate increases severalfold with whisker movement, from 5.1 +- 5.5 to 13.5 +- 12.7 spikes/s (n = 29, P = 4e-6, Wilcoxon signed-rank).
The average spike rate increased severalfold after onset of whisker movement (from 5.1 ± 5.5 spikes per s to 13.5 ± 12.7 spikes per s; P = 4 × 10−6; n = 29 neurons, Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Results, Chronic extracellular recordings from somatosensory thalamus, paragraph 2; Fig. 5d; Supplementary Fig. 2How it will be judged
Open, what "after onset of whisker movement" measures; readings, (a) rates in whisking against nonwhisking epochs (M-EPOCH, M-RATE), which Fig. 5d plots and whose nonwhisking mean is the 5.1 of the baseline, (b) the rate 0 to 400 ms after whisking onsets against 200 ms before, the plotted range of Fig. 1e and Supplementary Fig. 2b. No window of this kind is defined in the paper, and the 5.1 equals the nonwhisking-epoch baseline, so (a) is the reading tested and (b) is shown as a variant only. Reproduced when, under (a), both means are within tolerance and a two-sided signed-rank test over the 29 neurons gives p < 0.05 with whisking higher.
- vpm-phase-modulation
VPM spike rate is modulated by the phase of whisker movement.
The spike rate was modulated by the phase of the movement (Supplementary Fig. 2d)
Results, Chronic extracellular recordings from somatosensory thalamus, paragraph 2; Supplementary Fig. 2d to fHow it will be judged
Per neuron, whisking-epoch spike rate by phase with a sinusoid fit (M-PHASE). The paper gives no count, so the rule is fixed here from its own cutoff (Supplementary Fig. 2e, r2 = 0.25). Reproduced when more than half of the 29 neurons have r2 > 0.25 under one binning; the distribution of coupling strength and preferred phase of those neurons is reported.
- vpm-rate-amplitude-trials
Within a single behavioral session, VPM spike rate and whisking amplitude co-vary across trials (Pearson r = 0.61, P = 1e-78, 310 trials).
Spike rate and whisking amplitude co-vary across trials within single behavioral sessions (Pearson correlation coefficient ρ=0.61; P = 10-78; number of trials n=310)
Supplementary Fig. 1eHow it will be judged
The legend names no unit. Per trial, the unit's spike rate over the trial and the mean whisking amplitude (M-EPOCH, Hilbert amplitude) over the same time. Reproduced when a VPM unit recorded over a session of 310 trials gives r within tolerance and p < 0.05. If no session has 310 trials, the claim is tested on every VPM unit, and reproduced when most units show a significant positive r; the r of each unit is reported.
- l4e-example-e1
The example L4 spiny stellate cell E No. 1 rests at -76 mV, far from its spike threshold (-45.1 +- 3.7 mV); touch evokes large (14.4 +- 8.2 mV), short-latency (4.7 ms), transient (24.5 ms at half max) depolarizations with 0 to 7 spikes per touch, while whisking without touch causes a smaller sustained depolarization (6.7 +- 4.0 mV) with little increase in spike rate (0.4 spikes/s).
The neuron rested at a hyperpolarized potential (−76 mV) far from the spike threshold (mean ± s.d., −45.1 ± 3.7 mV). Active touch evoked large-amplitude (14.4 ± 8.2 mV), short-latency (4.7 ms) and transient (duration at half max, 24.5 ms) depolarizations that often triggered spikes (0–7 spikes per touch). In the absence of touch, whisking caused a sustained smaller depolarization (6.7 ± 4.0 mV)
Results, Membrane-potential dynamics of L4 excitatory neurons, paragraph 1; Fig. 2a to eHow it will be judged
The neuron is the one the dataset's cell list names E No. 1 (Fig. 2). Resting Vm, touch amplitude and whisking depolarization by M-VM; threshold by M-VM, mean over spikes; latency by M-LAT on the average touch-aligned Vm; duration at half max, the width of the average touch PSP at half its amplitude. Spikes per touch counted 0 to 50 ms after each touch, range over touches. The 0.4 spikes/s ("little increase in spike rate on average (0.4 spikes per s; Fig. 2e)") is open; readings, (a) the whisking minus the nonwhisking rate, (b) the whisking rate (M-RATE). Reproduced when, under one reading, all seven values are within tolerance and the spike count range is 0 to 7 within one spike; partially reproduced when one value lies outside tolerance and the rest hold.
- l4e-example-e24-e32
In the more depolarized example neurons, whisking causes a small depolarization (1.0 +- 1.4 mV, E No. 24) or a hyperpolarization (-1.8 +- 2.7 mV, E No. 32).
For these neurons, whisking caused either small membrane potential depolarization (1.0 ± 1.4 mV, No. 24) or hyperpolarization (−1.8 ± 2.7 mV, No. 32)
Results, Membrane-potential dynamics of L4 excitatory neurons, paragraph 1; Fig. 2d,eHow it will be judged
Whisking depolarization by M-VM for the neurons the cell list names E No. 24 and 32. Reproduced when both values are within tolerance under one reading; partially reproduced when both have the stated sign but a value lies outside tolerance.
- l4e-resting-vm
The resting membrane potential of L4 excitatory neurons spans a large range, -76 to -45 mV (mean -63 +- 8 mV, median -64 mV, n = 37).
Across the excitatory population, the resting membrane potential (Vm) spanned a large range (−76 to −45 mV, mean ± s.d., −63 ± 8 mV; median, −64 mV, n = 37 neurons
Results, Membrane-potential dynamics of L4 excitatory neurons, paragraph 2; Fig. 2fHow it will be judged
Resting Vm by M-VM for the 37 whole-cell L4 E neurons in control mice. Reproduced when all four values are within tolerance under one reading.
- l4e-touch-psp
Touch evokes short-latency depolarizations in every L4 excitatory neuron (latency 4.8 +- 0.8 ms, median 4.7; amplitude 6.0 +- 2.9 mV, median 5.7; n = 37).
Touches evoked short-latency depolarizations ... mean ± s.d., 4.8 ± 0.8 ms; median, 4.7 ms ... mean ± s.d., 6.0 ± 2.9 mV; median, 5.7 mV; n = 37 neurons) for all neurons
Results, Membrane-potential dynamics of L4 excitatory neurons, paragraph 2; Fig. 2f; Supplementary Fig. 3aHow it will be judged
Latency by M-LAT and amplitude by M-VM on each neuron's average touch-aligned Vm (M-TOUCH). Reproduced when the four values are within tolerance under one reading and every neuron's amplitude is positive.
- l4e-whisking-vm
Whisking induces only a small depolarization or hyperpolarization in L4 excitatory neurons (1.2 +- 2.1 mV, median 1.2 mV).
Whisking induced small depolarization or hyperpolarization (mean ± s.d., 1.2 ± 2.1 mV; median, 1.2 mV; Fig. 2f)
Results, Membrane-potential dynamics of L4 excitatory neurons, paragraph 2; Fig. 2fHow it will be judged
Whisking depolarization by M-VM over the 37 neurons. Reproduced when both values are within tolerance under one reading.
- l4e-distance-threshold
Touch moves the membrane potential of L4 excitatory neurons much closer to spike threshold than whisking does (shift 6.1 +- 3.2 mV against 1.1 +- 2.0 mV, P = 1e-7, Wilcoxon signed-rank).
Compared to whisking, touch caused a larger shift of membrane potential toward spike threshold (whisking, 1.1 ± 2.0 mV; touch, 6.1 ± 3.2 mV; P = 1 × 10−7, Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Results, Membrane-potential dynamics of L4 excitatory neurons, paragraph 2; Fig. 2g,hHow it will be judged
Shifts by M-DTT, threshold by M-VM. Reproduced when both means are within tolerance and a two-sided signed-rank test of touch against whisking shifts over the 37 neurons gives p < 0.05 with touch larger.
- l4e-reversal-potential
The effective reversal potential of the touch response in L4 excitatory neurons is more depolarized than resting Vm, while that of the whisking response is close to resting Vm and more hyperpolarized than that of touch.
The effective reversal potential29 of the touch response was more depolarized than the resting Vm and sometimes crossed the spike threshold (Supplementary Fig. 4). In contrast, the effective reversal potential for whisker movement was close to the resting Vm, below the spike threshold and more hyperpolarized than that for touch
Results, Membrane-potential dynamics of L4 excitatory neurons, paragraph 2; Supplementary Fig. 4How it will be judged
From the Supplementary Fig. 4 legend. Per touch, pre-Vm the mean 0 to 5 ms before onset and post-Vm at the time of the neuron's peak average PSP; per whisking onset, pre-Vm the mean 0 to 200 ms before and post-Vm the mean 100 to 300 ms after. A line fitted to delta Vm against pre-Vm per neuron and event type; the reversal potential is where it crosses zero. Open whether one line is fitted per neuron or one over all neurons (Supplementary Fig. 4b shows "all neurons"); readings, (a) per neuron, (b) pooled, both reported. The paper names no test, so one is fixed from M-STAT. Reproduced when, per neuron, the touch reversal exceeds the whisking reversal by a two-sided signed-rank test at p < 0.05, the touch reversal exceeds resting Vm in most neurons, and the median whisking reversal lies within 5 mV of the median resting Vm (a margin fixed here, as the paper gives none). Neurons whose fit has a non-negative slope have no crossing and are counted and left out.
- l4e-hf-fluctuations
Whisking enhances membrane potential fluctuations of L4 excitatory neurons at high frequencies (above 10 Hz).
and enhanced membrane potential fluctuations at high frequencies (>10 Hz; Supplementary Fig. 5)
Results, Membrane-potential dynamics of L4 excitatory neurons, paragraph 2; Supplementary Fig. 5How it will be judged
Spectra by M-SPEC per neuron in nonwhisking and whisking epochs. The paper names no test or upper frequency, so these are fixed here; readings, mean power (a) 10 to 100 Hz, (b) 10 to 500 Hz. Reproduced when, under one reading, whisking power exceeds nonwhisking power by a two-sided signed-rank test over the 37 neurons at p < 0.05. The number of neurons whose jackknife 95% intervals separate above 10 Hz is reported.
- l4e-inhibition-window
In L4 excitatory neurons depolarized near the excitatory reversal potential, touch evokes strong transient inhibition that follows excitation with a short delay (0.4 +- 0.8 ms at half max, range -0.8 to 1.6 ms, n = 6).
Touch elicited strong and transient inhibitory input (Fig. 3b,c), which followed excitation with a short delay (mean ± s.d., 0.4 ± 0.8 ms at half max; n = 6 neurons; Fig. 3d)
Results, Membrane-potential dynamics of L4 excitatory neurons, paragraph 3; Fig. 3b to d; Discussion, paragraph 3How it will be judged
For each of the 6 neurons, touch-aligned averages (M-TOUCH) at rest and during depolarizing current injection (Online Methods, Barrel cortex recordings, paragraph 3, for the depolarized state near 0 mV). Each average is normalized to its peak (Fig. 3d); the delay is the time the depolarized average reaches half its negative peak minus the time the resting average reaches half its positive peak. Reproduced when the mean is within tolerance and the smallest and largest delays over the 6 neurons each match the bounds of the range (from the Discussion, paragraph 3) within their tolerances. The tolerance on -0.8 ms is one sample at 10 kHz (0.1 ms), since 10% (0.08 ms) is below the sampling interval.
- l4e-whisking-inhibition
Without touch, inhibitory input in L4 excitatory neurons is more prevalent at the onset of whisker movement, and after onset excitation and inhibition increase gradually with indistinguishable time courses over about 100 ms.
In the absence of touch, inhibitory inputs occurred spontaneously but were more prevalent at onset of whisker movement (Fig. 3e,f) ... After the onset of whisker movement, excitation and inhibition increased gradually, with indistinguishable time courses, over approximately 100 ms (Fig. 3g)
Results, Membrane-potential dynamics of L4 excitatory neurons, paragraph 3; Fig. 3e to gHow it will be judged
For the 6 neurons, whisking-onset averages (M-EPOCH) at rest and depolarized. The paper names no test or window; the test is fixed here from M-STAT, the 0 to 200 ms before onset and 100 to 300 ms after are the Supplementary Fig. 4 windows, and the 0 to 200 ms after onset and the 150 ms bound are fixed here from "approximately 100 ms". Inhibition at onset, the depolarized average 0 to 200 ms after onset falls below its mean 0 to 200 ms before, by a two-sided signed-rank test over the 6 neurons or in at least 5 of 6. Time course, each average normalized to its mean 100 to 300 ms after onset; the time to half of that level lies between 0 and 150 ms for both, and the two times do not differ by a two-sided signed-rank test (p >= 0.05). Reproduced when both parts hold.
- fs-baseline-rate
L4 FS interneurons are active at baseline, even without whisker movement (9.3 +- 8.5 spikes/s, median 6.4, n = 26).
FS interneurons were active during baseline conditions, even in the absence of whisker movements (mean ± s.d., 9.3 ± 8.5 spikes per s; median, 6.4 spikes per s; n = 26 neurons
Results, Dynamics of L4 fast-spiking interneurons, paragraph 1; Figs. 4b,c and 5How it will be judged
Nonwhisking rate (M-EPOCH, M-RATE) for the L4 FS neurons of control mice. Reproduced when both values are within tolerance under one reading. The paper gives 26 neurons and 25 (see the opening comment); the notebook uses the neurons the dataset marks as L4 FS in control mice and reports their number.
- fs-touch-vm
Touch depolarizes L4 FS interneurons (7.0 +- 5.2 mV, median 6.7 mV, n = 7) with short onset latency (4.0 +- 0.6 ms, median 4.2 ms).
Membrane potential depolarized (mean ± s.d., 7.0 ± 5.2 mV; median, 6.7 mV; n = 7 neurons, Fig. 4d,f) ... Response latencies were short for membrane potential depolarization ... mean ± s.d., 4.0 ± 0.6 ms; median, 4.2 ms, n = 7 neurons
Results, Dynamics of L4 fast-spiking interneurons, paragraph 1; Fig. 4d,fHow it will be judged
Amplitude by M-VM and latency by M-LAT on the 7 whole-cell FS neurons. Reproduced when all four values are within tolerance under one reading.
- fs-touch-spikes
L4 FS interneurons fire about two spikes per touch (1.9 +- 1.0, median 1.9, n = 26) with short latency (5.3 +- 2.1 ms, median 4.5 ms, n = 24).
spike rates increased after touch (mean ± s.d., 1.9 ± 1.0 spikes per touch; median, 1.9 spikes per touch; n = 26 neurons ... and spiking (mean ± s.d., 5.3 ± 2.1 ms; median, 4.5 ms, n = 24 neurons; Fig. 5c)
Results, Dynamics of L4 fast-spiking interneurons, paragraph 1; Fig. 5b,cHow it will be judged
Spikes per touch with the cortical Fig. 5 definition (M-TOUCH); latency by M-LAT. Reproduced when all five values are within tolerance.
- fs-whisking-count
Most L4 FS neurons (23 of 26) significantly increase their spike rate during whisker movement without touch, and the rest (3 of 26) decrease it.
most L4 FS neurons significantly increased their spike rate during whisker movement without touch (23 of 26 neurons ... and a small subset (3 of 26 neurons, P ranged from 0.011 to 4.7 × 10−6) decreased spike rate
Results, Dynamics of L4 fast-spiking interneurons, paragraph 2How it will be judged
Per neuron by M-SIG. Reproduced when both counts are within tolerance under one reading.
- fs-whisking-vm
After whisking onset the membrane potential of L4 FS neurons depolarizes toward spike threshold (2.7 +- 2.1 mV, median 2.4 mV, n = 7).
Overall, after onset of whisking, the membrane potential of FS neurons depolarized closer to spike threshold (mean ± s.d., 2.7 ± 2.1 mV; median, 2.4 mV, n = 7 neurons
Results, Dynamics of L4 fast-spiking interneurons, paragraph 2; Fig. 4e to hHow it will be judged
Whisking depolarization by M-VM for the 7 whole-cell FS neurons. Open whether the figure's measure, the shift of 10th-percentile distance to threshold (M-DTT, Fig. 4h), is meant; it is reading (c). Reproduced when both values are within tolerance under one reading.
- fs-whisking-rate
With whisking the L4 FS spike rate doubles (to 21.1 +- 15.8 spikes/s, median 14.6, n = 26, P = 2.7e-5).
and the spike rate doubled (mean ± s.d., 21.1 ± 15.8 spikes per s; median, 14.6 spikes per s, n = 26 neurons, P = 2.7 × 10−5; Fig. 5d)
Results, Dynamics of L4 fast-spiking interneurons, paragraph 2; Fig. 5dHow it will be judged
Whisking-epoch rates (M-EPOCH, M-RATE) against the nonwhisking rates of fs-baseline-rate, two-sided signed-rank (M-STAT). Reproduced when both values are within tolerance, the test gives p < 0.05 with whisking higher, and the ratio of mean whisking to mean nonwhisking rate lies between 1.8 and 2.5 (doubled, read with the 10% rule on 2 and a margin for the paper's own ratio of 21.1 to 9.3, 2.27).
- fs-phase-coupling
L4 FS spikes are coupled to whisking phase; the phase relation is fit by a single sinusoid in 18 neurons and needs a second harmonic in 7 (n = 25).
Coupling between the spikes of L4 FS interneurons and the whisking phase was either fit with a single sinusoidal function (left, n=18) or a sum of a single sinusoidal function (black) and a sinusoidal function of twice the frequency (purple) (right, n=7) if the fitting quality (r2) was 50% higher than with only a single sinusoidal function
Results, Dynamics of L4 fast-spiking interneurons, paragraph 2; Supplementary Fig. 7gHow it will be judged
By M-PHASE on whisking-epoch spikes. Reproduced when both counts are within tolerance under one binning.
- fs-hf-fluctuations
In L4 FS interneurons, membrane potential fluctuations at high frequencies (above 10 Hz) increase with whisking in some cells but not in others (n = 7 whole-cell).
Membrane potential fluctuations increased at high frequencies (>10 Hz) for some cells but not others (Supplementary Fig. 8)
Results, Dynamics of L4 fast-spiking interneurons, paragraph 2; Supplementary Fig. 8How it will be judged
Spectra by M-SPEC per neuron in nonwhisking and whisking epochs for the 7 whole-cell FS neurons (Supplementary Fig. 8b shows per-neuron spectra with 95% confidence intervals). The paper gives no count or band; fixed here, a neuron shows the increase when whisking power lies above the nonwhisking jackknife 95% interval over most of the band, with the band readings of l4e-hf-fluctuations ((a) 10 to 100 Hz, (b) 10 to 500 Hz). Reproduced when, under one reading, at least one and at most six of the 7 neurons show the increase.
- l4e-spikes-touch-selective
L4 excitatory neurons respond mostly to touch (0.3 +- 0.4 spikes per touch, median 0.1, n = 85) and only weakly to whisker movement, with no significant change between nonwhisking (0.4 +- 0.6 spikes/s, median 0.1) and whisking (0.6 +- 0.9 spikes/s, median 0.2; P = 0.20).
Excitatory neurons responded mostly to touch (mean ± s.d., 0.3 ± 0.4 spikes per touch; median, 0.1 spikes per touch; n = 85 neurons; Fig. 5b,d) and showed weak response to whisker movement ... mean ± s.d., 0.4 ± 0.6 spikes per s; median, 0.1 spikes per s ... mean ± s.d., 0.6 ± 0.9 spikes per s; median, 0.2 spikes per s; n = 85, P = 0.20
Results, Dynamics of L4 fast-spiking interneurons, paragraph 3; Fig. 5b,d,e; Fig. 1f to jHow it will be judged
The 85 L4 E neurons of Fig. 5 (37 whole-cell and 48 cell-attached in Supplementary Table 2, control trials only by M-RATE). Spikes per touch with the cortical Fig. 5 definition (M-TOUCH); rates by M-EPOCH and M-RATE. The values are matched under one reading. The absence of a whisking effect is judged on the paper's test as M-STAT reads it, a two-sided signed-rank test of whisking against nonwhisking rates over the 85 neurons at p < 0.05; reproduced when the values are within tolerance and that test is not significant, not reproduced when it is significant. The median and mean whisking minus nonwhisking difference is reported either way.
- thalamus-inhibition-vpm
Photoactivating TRN axons in VPM reduces thalamic activity to 17% of control (P = 3e-4, n = 17 multiunit recordings).
Photoactivation of TRN axons reduced activity in the thalamus (to 17% of control, P = 3 × 10−4, n = 17 multiunit recordings
Results, Inhibition is driven by thalamus, paragraph 1; Fig. 6b,cHow it will be judged
Multiunit rates in laser and control trials by M-LIGHT; Supplementary Fig. 9i says these rates are not split by behavioral epoch. Reproduced when, under one reading, the percentage is within tolerance and a two-sided signed-rank test over the 17 recordings gives p < 0.05 with lower rates under photoinhibition.
- thalamus-inhibition-l4e-vm
Thalamic photoinhibition hyperpolarizes L4 excitatory neurons and reduces their Vm fluctuations, with an onset latency of 4.2 ms, longer than the 2.8 ms of direct cortical GABAergic activation.
photoinhibition of thalamus hyperpolarized excitatory neurons and reduced the amplitudes of their membrane voltage fluctuations (Supplementary Fig. 9a–e). Onset latency of Vm hyperpolarization induced by thalamus inactivation was 4.2 ms. This was longer than the 2.8-ms latency measured with direct cortical GABAergic activation
Results, Inhibition is driven by thalamus, paragraph 1; Supplementary Fig. 9b to fHow it will be judged
For the 12 L4 E neurons of Supplementary Fig. 9c to e, resting Vm outside touch and the variance of Vm high-pass filtered at 10 Hz, outside touch, in laser and control trials (Supplementary Fig. 9d,e legend). The paper names no test; one is fixed from M-STAT, a two-sided signed-rank test at p < 0.05 for lower Vm and lower variance. Latency on the grand average Vm aligned to laser onset (Supplementary Fig. 9c, and 9f for the 7 neurons with direct cortical stimulation), by the M-LAT Vm rule with the 25 ms before laser onset as baseline, a rule adapted here from the touch latency since the paper does not define this one. Reproduced when both tests hold and both latencies are within tolerance; partially reproduced when the tests hold and the thalamic latency exceeds the cortical one without both being in tolerance.
- thalamus-inhibition-fs
Thalamic photoinhibition reduces L4 FS spike rates during nonwhisking (to 4% of control, n = 13), whisking (to 13%, n = 15) and touch (to 32%, n = 14).
Photoinhibition reduced spike rates in FS interneurons during nonwhisking (to 4% of control, P = 5 × 10−4, n = 13 neurons) and whisking epochs (to 13% of control, P = 6 × 10−5, n = 15 neurons), as well as in response to touch (to 32% of control, P = 1 × 10−4, n = 14 neurons
Results, Inhibition is driven by thalamus, paragraph 2; Fig. 6d,eHow it will be judged
FS neurons recorded with thalamic photoinhibition, rates by M-EPOCH and M-RATE and spikes per touch by M-TOUCH (Fig. 5 definition), in laser against control trials by M-LIGHT. The differing n per epoch are read as the neurons with enough of that epoch in both trial types; the notebook reports its own n. Reproduced when, under one reading, all three percentages are within tolerance and each two-sided signed-rank test gives p < 0.05 with lower activity under photoinhibition; partially reproduced when the three tests hold and not all percentages are within tolerance.
- thalamus-inhibition-dose
The reduction of L4 FS spiking by thalamic photoinhibition is dose dependent.
in a dose-dependent manner (Supplementary Fig. 9i,j)
Results, Inhibition is driven by thalamus, paragraph 2; Supplementary Fig. 9i,jHow it will be judged
Rates by laser power, per behavioral epoch for FS neurons and unsplit for multiunits (Supplementary Fig. 9i,j legend). The paper names no test; fixed here, a Spearman correlation between laser power (control as zero) and rate per neuron, and a two-sided signed-rank test over neurons of the correlations against zero. Reproduced when the test gives p < 0.05 with negative correlations for FS neurons in at least two of the three epochs. The same test on the VPM multiunits (Supplementary Fig. 9i) is reported as a variant.
- rabies-vpm-input
Monosynaptic rabies tracing from L4 PV interneurons labels thalamic neurons mostly in VPM (over 90%) and few in POM (under 10%).
The vast majority of trans-synaptically labeled thalamic neurons were in VPM (>90%), with only a small minority in POM (<10%; Supplementary Fig. 10)
Results, Inhibition is driven by thalamus, paragraph 3; Supplementary Fig. 10How it will be judged
Counts of GFP-labeled neurons in VPM and POM across sections (Online Methods, Virus injection, paragraph 2). Reproduced when the VPM share exceeds 90%.
- ion-cut-behavior
After ION transection mice still whisk but perform the task at chance (48% correct).
however, as they were unable to sense the object ... they performed at chance level (48% correct)
Results, Inhibition is driven by sensory input, paragraph 2How it will be judged
Proportion of correct trials in sessions after ION transection. Open, the unit of averaging; readings, (a) pooled over all trials, (b) mean over sessions or recorded cells as in behavior-performance. Reproduced when the value is within tolerance under one reading.
- ion-cut-l4e-touch
After ION transection L4 excitatory neurons do not depolarize after touch.
As expected, L4 excitatory neurons did not depolarize after touch (Fig. 7b)
Results, Inhibition is driven by sensory input, paragraph 2; Fig. 7bHow it will be judged
A claim of absence. Touch PSP amplitude by M-VM and M-TOUCH for the ION-cut L4 E neurons (8 in Fig. 7b). The paper names no test; fixed from M-STAT, a two-sided signed-rank test of the amplitude against zero over neurons at p < 0.05. Reproduced when it is not significant, not reproduced when it is significant with positive amplitudes. The mean amplitude is reported beside the control value of l4e-touch-psp.
- ion-cut-l4e-whisking
After ION transection whisking-related depolarization of L4 excitatory neurons is reduced (0.62 +- 0.50 mV, n = 9, against 1.54 +- 0.79 mV in 15 control neurons with matched resting potential; P = 0.005, Wilcoxon rank-sum).
Depolarizations in response to whisker movement were reduced ... 0.62 ± 0.50 mV, n = 9 neurons versus Control with matched resting potential ... 1.54 ± 0.79 mV, n = 15 neurons; P = 0.005, Wilcoxon rank-sum test
Results, Inhibition is driven by sensory input, paragraph 2; Fig. 7c,dHow it will be judged
Whisking depolarization by M-VM. The control neurons are whole-cell L4 E neurons from control mice "with matched resting potential"; open how matched; readings, (a) control neurons whose resting Vm lies within the range of the ION-cut neurons' resting Vm, (b) the 15 control neurons whose resting Vm is nearest the ION-cut mean. The count under (a) is reported against 15. Reproduced when, under one reading, both means are within tolerance and a two-sided rank-sum test gives p < 0.05 with ION cut lower.
- ion-cut-l4e-phase
After ION transection phase-locking of L4 excitatory Vm to whisker movement is abolished (coupling 0.12 +- 0.04 mV against 0.38 +- 0.31 mV in controls, P = 0.005).
phase-locking of membrane potential to whisker movement was abolished (ION cut, 0.12 ± 0.04 mV versus Control, 0.38 ± 0.31 mV; P = 0.005; Fig. 7e)
Results, Inhibition is driven by sensory input, paragraph 2; Fig. 7eHow it will be judged
Coupling strength by M-PHASE on whisking-epoch Vm, spikes removed (M-VM). Open, the groups; readings, (a) those of ion-cut-l4e-whisking (9 and 15, under its readings), the passage running on from it, (b) the ION-cut neurons against all 37 control L4 E neurons, as the Fig. 7e legend says only "in control mice". The control tolerance uses n = 15 (0.08 mV); under (b) it is 0.051 mV (0.31/sqrt(37)). Reproduced when, under one reading, both means are within tolerance and a two-sided rank-sum test gives p < 0.05 with ION cut lower.
- ion-cut-l4e-spectra
After ION transection the Vm fluctuations of L4 excitatory neurons do not differ between nonwhisking and whisking epochs.
Spectral analysis revealed no difference in membrane potential fluctuations between nonwhisking and whisking epochs (Supplementary Fig. 11)
Results, Inhibition is driven by sensory input, paragraph 2; Supplementary Fig. 11How it will be judged
A claim of absence, tested as l4e-hf-fluctuations is (M-SPEC, readings (a) and (b) of the band) over the ION-cut L4 E neurons (10 in Supplementary Fig. 11). The paper names no test; the signed-rank test fixed in l4e-hf-fluctuations is used. Reproduced when it is not significant under reading (a), not reproduced when it is significant; reading (b) is shown as a variant, and the median whisking to nonwhisking power ratio is reported.
- ion-cut-fs-touch
After ION transection touch does not evoke spikes in L4 FS interneurons (n = 10).
Touch did not evoke spikes in FS interneurons (Fig. 7g)
Results, Inhibition is driven by sensory input, paragraph 3; Fig. 7gHow it will be judged
A claim of absence. Spikes per touch by the cortical Fig. 5 definition (M-TOUCH) for the 10 ION-cut FS neurons. The paper names no test; fixed from M-STAT, a two-sided signed-rank test against zero at p < 0.05. Reproduced when it is not significant, not reproduced when it is significant with positive values. The mean is reported beside the control 1.9 of fs-touch-spikes.
- ion-cut-fs-whisking
After ION transection whisking-related activation of L4 FS interneurons is absent in most cells (P = 0.80, n = 10).
In addition, whisking-related activation of FS interneurons was also absent in most cells (P = 0.80, n = 10 neurons; Fig. 7h,i)
Results, Inhibition is driven by sensory input, paragraph 3; Fig. 7h,iHow it will be judged
A claim of absence, judged on the paper's test as M-STAT reads it, a two-sided signed-rank test of whisking against nonwhisking rates (M-EPOCH, M-RATE) over the 10 neurons at p < 0.05. Reproduced when it is not significant, not reproduced when it is. The number of neurons with a significant increase by M-SIG is reported for "in most cells", and the median whisking to nonwhisking ratio beside that of fs-whisking-rate.
- ion-cut-fs-phase
After ION transection phase-locking of L4 FS spikes to whisker movement is reduced but not entirely abolished.
Phase-locking of spikes to whisker movement was reduced but not entirely abolished (Supplementary Fig. 12)
Results, Inhibition is driven by sensory input, paragraph 3; Supplementary Fig. 12How it will be judged
Goodness of fit (r2) of the spike-phase fit by M-PHASE, compared between control and ION-cut L4 FS neurons (Supplementary Fig. 12b, which marks the medians). The paper names no test; fixed from M-STAT, a two-sided rank-sum test at p < 0.05. Reproduced when the ION-cut r2 is lower by that test and at least one ION-cut neuron has r2 > 0.25.
- ion-cut-l5-fs
Unlike L4 FS neurons, many L5 FS interneurons (658 to 819 um deep, n = 7) still increase their spike rates with whisking after ION transection.
many L5 FS interneurons still increased their spike rates in response to whisking after ION cut (depth, 658 to 819 μm, n = 7 neurons; data not shown)
Results, Inhibition is driven by sensory input, paragraph 3How it will be judged
The paper shows no data. If the dataset holds these neurons, per neuron by M-SIG; reproduced when more than half of them increase significantly.
- enphr-kruskal-wallis
Partially suppressing PV (FS) interneurons with eNpHR changes the responses of L4 excitatory neurons (P = 1e-6, Kruskal-Wallis).
Partially suppressing PV (FS) interneurons changed the responses of excitatory neurons (Fig. 8b–e; P = 1 × 10−6, Kruskal-Wallis test)
Results, Layer 4 FS interneurons suppress reafference in L4, paragraph 1; Fig. 8b to eHow it will be judged
The 40 L4 E neurons recorded with eNpHR in PV cells. Open, the groups of the test; readings, (a) the four groups of Fig. 8d, nonwhisking and whisking rates in control and eNpHR trials (M-EPOCH, M-RATE, M-LIGHT), (b) two groups, control and eNpHR, with the nonwhisking and whisking rates of each neuron pooled. Reproduced when the test gives p < 0.05 under one reading.
- enphr-l4e-rates
Suppressing PV interneurons increases L4 excitatory spike rates during nonwhisking (0.6 +- 0.1 to 1.6 +- 0.3 spikes/s, P = 6e-5) and whisking (0.8 +- 0.2 to 2.7 +- 0.5 spikes/s, P = 2e-6), mean +- s.e.m., n = 40.
L4 excitatory neurons increased their spike rate during both nonwhisking periods (from 0.6 ± 0.1 spikes per s to 1.6 ± 0.3 spikes per s; mean ± s.e.m., n = 40 neurons, P = 6 × 10−5) and whisking periods(from 0.8 ± 0.2 spikes per s to 2.7 ± 0.5 spikes per s, P = 2 × 10−6
Results, Layer 4 FS interneurons suppress reafference in L4, paragraph 1; Fig. 8d; Supplementary Fig. 13How it will be judged
Rates by M-EPOCH and M-RATE in control and eNpHR trials (M-LIGHT, readings (a) and (b)). Reproduced when, under one reading, all four means are within tolerance and both two-sided signed-rank tests give p < 0.05 with higher rates under eNpHR; partially reproduced when both tests hold and not all values are within tolerance.
- enphr-whisking-driven
With PV interneurons suppressed, L4 excitatory neurons become driven by whisker movement (whisking against nonwhisking, P = 0.02).
L4 excitatory neurons were instead driven by whisker movements (P = 0.02, Fig. 8d), implying that their selectivity for touch was normally maintained in part by FS interneurons
Results, Layer 4 FS interneurons suppress reafference in L4, paragraph 1; Fig. 8dHow it will be judged
Whisking against nonwhisking rates in eNpHR trials, from enphr-l4e-rates, two-sided signed-rank over the 40 neurons. Reproduced when p < 0.05 with whisking higher. The same test in control trials is reported as a variant (the figure prints P = 0.55 beside the 0.02, read here as that comparison, which the text extraction cannot confirm).
- enphr-spikes-per-touch
PV interneuron suppression changes touch-evoked spiking of L4 excitatory neurons heterogeneously, with no significant mean change (0.27 +- 0.06 to 0.32 +- 0.06 spikes per touch, n = 40, P = 0.09, Wilcoxon signed-rank); weakly responding neurons tend to respond more, and strongly driven neurons stay the same or decrease.
PV interneuron suppression also modulated touch-evoked spiking in L4 excitatory neurons, but they did so in a heterogeneous manner (mean ± s.e.m., from 0.27 ± 0.06 spikes per touch to 0.32 ± 0.06 spikes per touch, n = 40 neurons, P = 0.09, Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Results, Layer 4 FS interneurons suppress reafference in L4, paragraph 2; Fig. 8e; Supplementary Fig. 13bHow it will be judged
Spikes per touch with the Fig. 8e definition (4 to 20 ms after minus 0 to 16 ms before, touches with interval at least 10 ms; M-TOUCH), control against eNpHR trials (M-LIGHT). The mean change is a claim of absence judged on the paper's two-sided signed-rank test at p < 0.05. The heterogeneity has no test in the paper; fixed here, a Spearman correlation between control spikes per touch and the change (eNpHR minus control) that is negative with p < 0.05. Reproduced when both means are within tolerance, the signed-rank test is not significant and the correlation holds; partially reproduced when two of the three hold.
- enphr-auc
PV interneuron suppression improves touch detection (AUC) for neurons with weak touch responses and diminishes it for neurons with robust touch responses.
suppression of PV interneurons improved AUC for neurons with weak responses to touch and diminished AUC for neurons with robust responses to touch (Fig. 8f,g)
Results, Layer 4 FS interneurons suppress reafference in L4, paragraph 3; Fig. 8f,gHow it will be judged
AUC per neuron in control and eNpHR trials by M-ROC; the touch-evoked rate of Fig. 8g from control trials (M-ROC, last sentence). The paper names no test; fixed here, a Spearman correlation between the control touch-evoked rate and the AUC change (eNpHR minus control), negative at p < 0.05, with a two-sided rank-sum test of the control touch-evoked rate between neurons whose AUC rose and those whose AUC fell (higher in the latter) as a variant. Reproduced when the correlation holds under one M-ROC reading.
- enphr-auc-groups
Of the 40 neurons, eNpHR stimulation increased AUC in 19 and reduced it in 21. Those with increased AUC raised their touch-evoked rates (3.4 +- 0.8 to 8.7 +- 1.9 spikes/s, P = 0.0001); those with reduced AUC kept their touch-evoked rates (7.3 +- 1.5 to 7.0 +- 1.4 spikes/s, P = 0.98) but raised their baseline rates (0.9 +- 0.2 to 2.6 +- 0.6 spikes/s, P = 0.0002).
L4 excitatory neurons with increased AUCs showed a population increase in touch-evoked responses on average (from 3.4 ± 0.8 spikes per s to 8.7 ± 1.9 spikes per s, P = 0.0001). Neurons with reduced AUC showed unchanged touchevoked responses as a population (from 7.3 ± 1.5 spikes per s to 7.0 ± 1.4 spikes per s, P = 0.98, average 0–250 ms after touch onset) ... but elevated baseline spike rates (from 0.9 ± 0.2 spikes per s to 2.6 ± 0.6 spikes per s, mean ± s.e.m., P = 0.0002
Results, Layer 4 FS interneurons suppress reafference in L4, paragraph 4; Fig. 8hHow it will be judged
Groups by the sign of the AUC change (enphr-auc, M-ROC). Touch-evoked rate is the mean rate 0 to 250 ms after touch onset on the touch PSTH (Fig. 8h, "average 0-250 ms after touch onset"); baseline the mean 0 to 250 ms before (Fig. 8g legend). Open, whether the touch-evoked rate here is raw or baseline-subtracted; readings, (a) raw, as the 7.3 against 0.9 baseline suggests, (b) baseline-subtracted as in Fig. 8g. Touches by M-TOUCH with interval at least 25 ms. Reproduced when, under one combination of readings, the group sizes are within tolerance, all six rates are within tolerance, the two increases are significant (two-sided signed-rank, p < 0.05) and the touch-evoked change of the reduced group is not; partially reproduced when the tests hold and one or two rates lie outside tolerance.
- enphr-pv-latency
eNpHR stimulation strongly inhibits 3 of 4 recorded L4 PV interneurons; their spike rate falls 3 ms after laser onset and L4 excitatory activity rises only 2 ms later.
First, the spike rate of L4 PV interneurons decreased 3 ms after laser onset, and activity in L4 neurons increased only 2 ms later (Supplementary Fig. 13c)
Results, Layer 4 FS interneurons suppress reafference in L4, paragraph 6; Supplementary Fig. 13a,cHow it will be judged
Grand-average spike rate of the L4 PV (FS) neurons and of the L4 E neurons aligned to laser onset in 1 ms bins (Supplementary Fig. 13c). The paper defines no latency for this; the M-LAT rule (dPSTH/dt crossing 3 s.d. of its value over the 25 ms before onset) is adapted, and a crossing of the rate itself by 3 s.d. of the baseline rate is a second reading. "Strongly inhibited" is read as a significant rate decrease by a two-sided rank-sum test over trials (M-STAT), and a fall below half the control rate. Latencies are in whole 1 ms bins, so the tolerance on each is one bin, not 10%, which is below the bin width; reproduced when, under one reading, both latencies are within 1 ms and 3 of 4 PV neurons are strongly inhibited.
- enphr-behavior
With PV interneurons suppressed most mice (6 of 8) are more likely to report touch with the pole out of reach; in an example session the false alarm rate rose from 20% to 61%.
Consistently, with PV interneuron suppressed, most mice (6 of 8) were more likely to report touches with the pole out of reach (Supplementary Fig. 14)
Results, Layer 4 FS interneurons suppress reafference in L4, paragraph 5; Supplementary Fig. 14b,cHow it will be judged
Per mouse, the proportion correct in no-lick (distal pole) trials with and without PV suppression, compared by a chi-squared test at p < 0.05 (Supplementary Fig. 14c legend). Open whether sessions of a mouse are pooled; reading, pooled. Reproduced when the count is within tolerance; the example session, if found, is reported against its two rates, and the one mouse with a significant increase in performance (legend) is reported.
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